• Gastro intestinal antonym
• gastric emptying X delayed gastric emptying (gastroparesis)
• good cholesterol(hdl) X bad cholesterol (vldl)
• absorption X malabsorption
• Malabsorption syndrome …
• Digestion x indigestion
• Increased gastric acid secretion x decreased gastric secretion
• Hypochlorhydria x hyperchlorhydria
• incontinence X constipation
• egestion X constipation
• diarrhea X constipation
• increased peristalsis X decreased motility
• Catabolism(break) x anabolism (combine or build)
• Paralytic ileus x
• Gastroparesis x dumping syndrome
• Polydipsia x no thirst
• Hunger x satiety
• Abdominal distension with gas x flatulence
• Organ failure x organ function
• Liver failure x liver function
• Vomiting complications bilious or non bilious vomiting
• At the level of pylorus obstruction
• At the level of ileum

• DISORDERS
• congestive heart failure X myocardial infarction
• aortic aneurysm X aortic stenosis
• berry aneurysm(brain) X cerebral infarction
• Increased cardiac output x decreased cardiac output
• increased contractility x decreased contractility
• increased preload x decreased preload
• increased afterload x decreased afterload
• increased pulmonary capillary pressure x decreased pulmonary capillary pressure
• increased mean arterial pressure x decreased mean arterial pressure
• Increased peripheral resistance x decreased peripheral resistance
• increased AV node conduction x decreased AV node conduction
• increased sinus rhythm x decreased sinus rhythm
• increased circulation x decreased circulation
• increased peripheral resistance x decreased peripheral resistance

• hypoplasia of heart x hyperplasia
• brown atrophy of heart x hypertrophy of heart
• death of heart muscles x heart muscles birth or development
• peace x war
• invasion x evasion
• silent blood flow x blood flow with murmurs
• silent closing of gates/valves x closing of gates with sound
• silent opening of gates x opening of gates with sound

• left bundle branch block x right bundle branch block
• block or obstruction x rhythm or flow
• sinus rhythm x sinus block (block at SA node)
• atrio ventricular rhythm x

• Tachycardia x bradycardia
• Sinus rhythm x arrythmia
• Tachyarrythmia x bradyarrythmia

• Electrocardiogram antonym
• ST Elevation x st depression
• T wave elevated x t wave depressed
• R - R Interval increased x r - r interval decreased
• Irregular rhythm x regular rhythm
• P wave tall x
• pr segment
• qrs complex x

• Dermatology
• Scattered patches x focussed patch
• Hyperpigmentation x hypopigmentation
• Dense hair x loss of hair
• Rash x smooth
• Wet ,water filled or pus filled bulla or nodule x dry or hard or ulcer
• Elevated nodule x depressed ulcer

• Exotoxin x endotoxin
• Outside x inside
• Heat labile x heat stable
• Dna ligase x deoxyribo nuclease
• Hemolysis x heme synthesis
• Single celled organism x multiple celled organism

• Immune system
• Artificial immunity x natural immunity
• Active immunity x passive immunity
• Accquired immunity x innate or immunity since birth
• Autoimmunity or immunity against oneself x immunity against bacteria or microbes
• Cell production x cell killing
• Cell recognition x cell forget
• Insecure or risk to cell or harmful.x safety or security or
• Polycythemia x pancytopenia
• Leucopenia x leucocytosis
• Leucopenia x leucocytoosis(seen in tumours of immune cells)
• Immunodeficiency x increased immune cells
• Intolerance x tolerance
• Immume intolerance x
• Anemia x increased rbc count
• Immunocompetent x immunocompromised

• Blast is s producer x clast is a breaker
• Osteoblast(bone substance producer) × osteoclast (bone substance breaker)
• Fibroblast x fibrocytes
• Chondroblast x chondrocytes
• Erythroblast x
• Megaloblast x
• Myeloblast x
• Lymphoblast x
• Trophoblast x trophic cells
• Unipotent(single potency) x pluripotent(plural potency) or multipotent(multiple potency)
• Dense connective tissue x loose connective tissue
• Stratified epithelium x non stratified or single layer
• Short or cuboid or flat x tall or columnar or pseudostratified epithelium
• Keratinized x non- keratinized
• Dry or scaly epithelium x wet epithelium
• Elastic x plastic

• hypoglycemia X Increased glucose
• decreased insulin X increased insulin
• hypoglycemia X diabetes mellitus

• hypothyroidism X hyperthyroidism
• hypothyroidism X grave's disease(hyperthyroidism)
• decreased thyroid gland X increased thyroid gland(thyromegaly)
• thyromegaly(iodine deficiency or less TSH) X thyromegaly(hyperthyroidism OR More TSH)
• hypoparathyroidism X hyperparathyroidism

• addison's disease(hypocortisolism) X cushing's disease(hypercortisolism)
• hypocortisolism X hypercortisolism
• adrenal insufficiency or hypoaldosteronism X primary hyperaldosteronism or Conn's syndrome
• degeneration (decreased gland secreting cells) X adenoma(increased gland secreting cells )
• atrophy of adrenal gland X congenital adrenal hyperplasia

• rickets(children) or osteomalacia(adults) X BONE TUMOUR(new piece of bone)
• atrophy X Hyperplasia
• atrophy X hypertrophy

• water retention x water excretion or diuresis
• anti-diuresis x diuresis
• Increased frequency of urine x decreased frequency of urine
• Polyria x anuria
• Increased glomerular filtration rate x decreased glomerular filtration rate
• Increased reabsorption x decreased reabsorption
• Counter current flow x flow towards
• Flowing in opposite direction x flowing in parallel or same direction
• Antiparallel direction x parallel direction

• hypoandrogenism(low testosterone) X hyperandrogenism(high testosterone)
• hypoestrogenism x hyperestrogenism(high estrogen levels)
• Hypogonadism X hypergonadism(hyperfunction of gonads)
• gonadotropin deficiency x gonadotropin excess

• kyphosis X lordosis
• valgus(outward angulation) x Varus (medial deviation)
• Foot. pes valgus (from Latin pes = foot) — a medial deviation of the foot at subtalar joint.
• Hand: manus valgus (from Latin manus = hand)
• Wrist: Madelung's deformity — Wherein the wrist bones are not formed properly due to a genetic disorder.
• Hip: coxa valga (from Latin coxa = hip) — the shaft of the femur is bent outward in respect to the neck of the femur. Coxa valga >125 degrees. Coxa vara <125 degrees.
• Hip: coxa vara — the angle between the head and the shaft of the femur is reduced, resulting in a limp.
• Knee: genu valgum (from Latin genu = knee) — the tibia is turned outward in relation to the femur, resulting in a knock-kneed appearance.
• Knee: genu varum (from Latin genu = knee) — the tibia is turned inward in relation to the femur, resulting in a bowlegged deformity.
• Ankle: talipes valgus (from Latin talus = ankle and pes = foot) — outward turning of the heel, resulting in a 'flat foot' presentation.
• Ankle: talipes equinovarus (from Latin talus = ankle and pes = foot) — inward turning of the heel, resulting in clubfoot with the person walking on the outer part of the foot.
• Toe: hallux valgus (from Latin hallux = big toe) — outward deviation of the big toe toward the second toe. Resulting in a bunion.
• Toe: hallux varus (Latin hallux = big toe) — inward deviation of the big toe away from the second toe.
• Elbows: cubitus varus (Latin cubitus = elbow) — turned inward elbows
• Elbows: cubitus valgus (from Latin cubitus = elbow) — turned-in elbows

ORTHOPEDICS - MUSCLES

• abduction (abductor) X adduction (adductor)
• flexion(flexors of forearm) X extension (extensor of forearm)
• pronation(pronator) x supination(supinator)
• elevation of scapula(muscle mover) X lowering of scapula(paralysis)
• dropped shoulder(Trapezius paralysis) X shrugging of shoulder (trapezius)
• gastroparesis(gastro + paresis=paralysis) X gastric emptying or peristalsis of stomach
• lock jaw x mastication
• wrist drop X Wrist extension
• foot drop X Foot extension
• ptosis or horner's syndrome X Elevation of
• thumb movement (abduction and opposition) X ape hand deformity
• partial claw X
• Klumpke's paralysis presents with claw hand (C8,T1 lesion)
• erb's duchene palsy presents with waiter's tip (C5,C6) lesion
• bell's palsy »» facial nerve palsy »»> lacunar infarct or stroke X facial nerve functions (facial muscles movement)

• ABILITY X DISABILITY
• intelligent X mentally retarded
• depression X anxiety
• phobia(fear) OR PANIC(RUNNING AWAY FROM) X courage OR MANIA(CRAZY) RUNNING TOWARDS IT
• Good mood x bad mood
• able to memorize x unable to memorize(dementia)
• able to remember (memory) x unable to remember (amnesia)
• able to control body movements x unable to control body movements (ataxia)
• able to speak x unable to speak DUMB
• speaking non-sense(aphasia) x speaking sense
• ability to articulate speech x inability to articulate speech(dysarthria or anarthria)
• able to sleep x unable to sleep (insomnia)
• able to hear x unable to hear (DEAF)
• able to write x unable to write (agraphia or dysgraphia — inability to communicate through writing)
• able to read x unable to read (dyslexia or alexia- reading disorder)
• able to think x unable to think
• able to feel touch(sensation) x unable to feel touch (anaesthesia)
• able to feel pain(algia) x unable to feel pain(analgesia)
• normal controlled body movements x abnormal uncontrolled body movements (athetosis,tremors,tics,chorea,hemiballismus,akathisia)
• voluntary muscle movements (self controlled) x involuntary muscle movements (uncontrolled) — dyskinesias,akinesia
• hypokinesia (reduced amplitude of movment) x hyperkinesia (intrude with the normal flow of motor activity -REPITITIVE MOVEMENTS includes dyskinesia)
• bradykinesia (slow movements and rigidity) X
• able to walk in normal gait X unable to walk in normal gait
• able to stand in a normal posture x unable to stand in a normal posture
• able to recognize x inability to recognize (agnosia,astereognosia,visual agnosia
• Inability to sit is akathisia (urge to move ) x sit calmly…
• hypotonia(of muscles - amount of tension or resistance to stretch) x hypertonia (of muscles)
• hypotonia also called floppy baby syndrome that is resistance to passive movement… resisting while moved by other person.
• less stretch x more stretch
• conscious x unconscious
• love X hate

THE NORMAL SEQUENCE OF VOLUNTARY CONTROL IS

• CONTROL CENTRE »» MOVES »»> MUSCLE »»> CONTRACTS »» MOVES »»> BONE OR JOINT MOVEMENTS
• CONTROL CENTRE(DESTROYED) »» DOES NOT MOVES »> MUSCLES »> DOES NOT CONTRACT »> DOES NOT MOVE »> BONE(WALK)

• CONTROL CENTRE »» TONIC MOVEMENT »» MUSCLE »» TONIC CONTRACTION »»»> BONE (TONIC MOVEMENT)
• CONTROL CENTRE »»

• WEAK [[LOW TONE(DEAD WEIGHT,FLOPPY,MUSHY) »»»NORMAL MUSCLE TONE »» LIGHT,STRONG(HIGH MUSCLE TONE) STRONG
• CONTINUOUS X ALTERNATE
• CONTINOUS PASSIVE PARTIAL CONTRACTION == MUSCLE TONE OR TONUS
• CONTINUOUS PASSIVE PARTIAL CONTRACTION X ALTERNATE ACTIVE FULL CONTRACTION
• FLACCIDITY X SPASTICITY OR RIGIDITY
• FLACCID(WEAK)HYPOTONIA X SPASM(SPASTIC IS RIGID LIKE STONE OR STRONG) HYPERTONIA

• CONTRALATERAL X IPSILATERAL
• STRAIGHT X CURVED OR CROSS
• PARALLEL X PERPENDICULAR

• Good dreams x bad dreams
• Flight of ideas x thought blocking
• Defence x fight
• Laugh x cry
• Action x mutism
• Sleep x awake
• Arousal or alert x disturbed or disoriented
• Orientation x disorientation

• Nerve fibre tumour x nerve degeneration
• Astrocytoma
• Schwannoma
• Neurofibroma
• Brain tumour x brain infarct or degeneration of nerves

• Vision X blind
• Incorrect vision X correct vision
• incorrect vision (refractive error ) X correct vision ( treated eye or refractive error corrected with treatment)
• hypermetropia (image far behind the eye) x myopia (image formed infront of eye)
• focus shifted backwards or went back X focus shifted forwards or came forwards
• In future form to move front x in future form to move back
• in future form to move front we use converging focus rays X In future form to move back we use divering focus rays
• concave x convex
• no light x light

• EAR,NOSE AND THROAT
• hearing loss or dumb x hearing
• INCORRECT HEARING X CORRECT HEARING
• presbyopia (old age vision loss)
• presbycusis (old age hearing loss)