A reference is a relationship between objects in which one object designates, or acts as a means by which to connect to or link to, another object. The first object in this relation is said to refer to the second object. It is called a name for the second object. The next object, the one to which the first object refers, is called the referent of the first object. A name is usually a phrase or expression, or some other symbolic representation. Its referent may be anything – a material object, a person, an event, an activity, or an abstract concept.

References can take on many forms, including: a thought, a sensory perception that is audible (onomatopoeia), visual (text), olfactory, or tactile, emotional state, relationship with other, spacetime coordinates, symbolic or alpha-numeric, a physical object, or an energy projection. In some cases, methods are used that intentionally hide the reference from some observers, as in cryptography.

• Reference is a ( relationship )
  • between two objects
    • one object designates or acts ( means of connection )
      • name for the second object can be
        • linguistic expression , referring expression
        • symbol
    • second object
      • The converse relation, the relation from object to word, is called exemplification; the object exemplifies what the word denotes
      • The object referred to is called the referent of the word.
  • indexicality
    • referential meaning
      • deixis
    • non referential meaning
      • 1D gestures - ( pointing by index finger )
      • 2D gestures - ( forming hypothetical symbols in a 2d space )
      • 3D gestures - ( forming symbols in a 3d space )
  • Relationships
    • spatial relationship ( spatial relations )
    • temporal relations
  • Levels of Reference
    • 0D level
    • 1d level
    • 2d level or paper
      • all entities at this level are either
        • models or representations
        • objects of written language
    • 3d level or reality level
      • all entities at this level are either
        • real entities
        • real signals of real language

• Definite References
• Indefinite references
• Concerning the first and foremost logic
  • Ambiguous space
  • no space , Black hole , nothingness