A reference is a relationship between objects in which one object designates, or acts as a means by which to connect to or link to, another object. The first object in this relation is said to refer to the second object. It is called a name for the second object. The next object, the one to which the first object refers, is called the referent of the first object. A name is usually a phrase or expression, or some other symbolic representation. Its referent may be anything – a material object, a person, an event, an activity, or an abstract concept.

References can take on many forms, including: a thought, a sensory perception that is audible (onomatopoeia), visual (text), olfactory, or tactile, emotional state, relationship with other, spacetime coordinates, symbolic or alpha-numeric, a physical object, or an energy projection. In some cases, methods are used that intentionally hide the reference from some observers, as in cryptography.

• Reference is a ( relationship )
  • between two objects
    • one object designates or acts ( means of connection )
      • name for the second object can be
        • linguistic expression , referring expression
        • symbol
    • second object
      • The converse relation, the relation from object to word, is called exemplification; the object exemplifies what the word denotes
      • The object referred to is called the referent of the word.

• Relationships
  • spatial relationship ( spatial relations )
  • temporal relations

• Levels of Reference
  • 0D level
  • 1d level
  • 2d level or paper
    • all entities at this level are either
      • models or representations
      • objects of written language
  • 3d level or reality level
    • all entities at this level are either
      • real entities
      • real signals of real language

संदर्भ विन्यास (फ्रेम ऑफ रिफरेन्स) एक ऐसी निर्देशांक पद्धति या अक्षों का समूह है जिनमे किसी वस्तु का स्थान, अभिविन्यास और अन्य गुणों को मापा जा सकता है।

• निर्देश बिन्दु ( reference points )
  • origin , center , 0D
• निर्देश अक्ष ( reference axis )
  • line , 1d , central axis , intersecting lines
• निर्देश तल ( reference plane )
  • 2d , plane , central planes , intersecting planes
• निर्देश घन ( reference realm or cube )
  • 3d cube , One big cube being divided by referential objects ,
    • totality , everything , all , universe , world which has either
      • nothing , space
      • something , anything , existence

• निर्देश ( reference ) , निर्देशक ( referent )
  • sensible references , expressable references
  • प्रतिनिर्देश ( back reference ) , प्रतिनिर्देशक
  • अभिनिर्देश ( forward reference ) , अभी निर्देशक
  • अभिमति ( self reference )
  • निर्देश क्रम ( sequence of reference )
    • स्वर निर्देश , निर्देशक उक्ति ( referring expression ) , उदगार (Expression (linguistics), a word, phrase, or sentence )
    • चित्र निर्देश , निर्देश चित्र
    • निर्देश पदार्थ ( निर्देशार्थ , अर्थात , sense )
    • अंत निर्देश , ( final reference ) or दृष्टांत ( exemplification )
      • The converse relation, the relation from object to word, is called exemplification; the object exemplifies what the word denotes
      • The object referred to is called the referent of the word.
    • References forming memorizable patterns from strokes in cognitive states or on paper
      • sensible references , a sensible form which represents

Investigations into how language interacts with the world are called theories of reference. Gottlob Frege was an advocate of a mediated reference theory. Frege divided the semantic content of every expression, including sentences, into two components: sense and reference. The sense of a sentence is the thought that it expresses. Such a thought is abstract, universal and objective. The sense of any sub-sentential expression consists in its contribution to the thought that its embedding sentence expresses. Senses determine reference and are also the modes of presentation of the objects to which expressions refer. Referents are the objects in the world that words pick out. The senses of sentences are thoughts, while their referents are truth values (true or false). The referents of sentences embedded in propositional attitude ascriptions and other opaque contexts are their usual senses.

• Frames of reference
  • Spatial frame of reference / Space
  • Temporal frames / time
  • Spatio temporal frame of reference
• Personal frames of reference
  • Body , soul
  • Mind
• Spiritual or metaphysical Frames of reference
  • god , heaven
  • devil , hell

• REFERENCE TYPES BASED ON COMPARISION
  • STANDARD REFERENCE
  • NON STANDARD OR RANDOM REFERENCE

• व्यक्त करना ( to show )
  • उक्ति ( vocal expression ) , एकोक्ति ( singular expression )
  • अभिव्यक्ति ( expression ) ,
  • उदगार (Expression (linguistics), a word, phrase, or sentence )
• दिशा
  • संदेश ( signal )
  • उपदेश
  • निर्देश ( reference )
  • सङ्केतः