No:1 - abdomen
(L., possibly from abdere to hide) that portion of the
body which lies between the thorax and the
pelvis; called also belly and venter. It contains a cavity (abdominal cavity) separated by the diaphragm from the thoracic cavity, above and by the plane of the pelvic inlet from the pelvic cavity below, and lined with a serous membrane, the peritoneum. This cavity contains the abdominal viscera and is enclosed by a wall (abdominal wall or parietes) formed by the abdominal muscles, vertebral column, and the ilia. It is divided into nine regions by four imaginary lines projected onto the anterior wall, of which two pass horizontally around the
body (the upper at the level of the cartilages of the ninth ribs, the lower at the tops of the crests of the ilia), and two extend vertically on each side of the
body from the cartilage of the eighth rib to the centre of the inguinal ligament, as in A below. The regions are : three upper - right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac; three middle - right lateral, umbilical, left lateral; and three lower - right inguinal, pubic, left inguinal).
No:2 - abdominal
(L. abdominalis) pertaining to the abdomen.
No:3 - aberrant
(L. aberrans, ab from + errare to wander) wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course.
No:4 - abnormal
(ab- + L. norma rule) not normal; contrary to the usual structure, position, behaviour, or rule.
No:5 - abortion
(L. abortio) 1. the premature expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception - of the embryo, or of a nonviable
fetus. The four classic symptoms, usually present in each type of abortion, are uterine contractions, uterine haemorrhage, softening and dilatation of the cervix, and presentation or expulsion of all or part of the products of conception. 2. premature stoppage of a natural or a pathological process.
No:6 - abrasion
(L. abrasio) 1. the wearing away of a substance or structure (
such as the skin or the
teeth) through some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. 2.
an area of
body surface denuded of skin or mucous membrane by some unusual or abnormal mechanical process.
No:7 - abrupt
sudden and unexpected.
No:8 - abscess
(L. abscessus, from ab away + cedere to go) a localized collection of pus caused by suppuration buried in tissues, organs, or confined spaces.
No:9 - absence
see petit
mal epilepsy, under epilepsy.
No:10 - absorption
(L. absorptio) 1. the uptake of substances into or across tissues, e.g., skin,
intestine, and
kidney tubules. 2. in psychology, devotion of thought to one
object or activity, with inattention to others. 3. in radiology, the taking
up of energy by matter with which the radiation interacts.
No:11 - abstinence
a refraining from the use of or indulgence in
food, stimulants, or sexual intercourse.
No:12 - accidental
happening unexpectedly or by chance.
No:13 - accommodation
(L. accommodare to fit to) adjustment, especially that of the
eye for various distances.
No:14 - accumulation
the
action or process of accumulating; state of being or having accumulated; a collecting together.
No:15 - acidity
L. aciditas) the quality of being acid or sour; containing acid (hydrogen ions).
No:16 - acidosis
a pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and
body tissues, and characterized by
an increase in hydrogen ion concentration.
No:17 - acne
(possibly a corruption of Greek akm a point or of achn chaff)
an inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit, the specific type usually being indicated by a modifying term; frequently used alone to designate common acne, or acne vulgaris.
No:18 - acrocyanosis
(acro- + cyanosis) a condition marked by symmetrical cyanosis of the extremities, with persistent, uneven, mottled blue or red discoloration of the skin of the digits, wrists, and ankles and with profuse sweating and coldness of the digits. Called also Raynaud's sign.
No:19 - ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone.
No:20 - activate
1.to render activity. 2.to become active. 3.to convert (a compound, as a provitamin or enzyme) into
an active form or different compound, esp. into one that has a particular biological
action (e.g. ergosterol by irradiation to vitamin D2 for use in treating rickets).
No:21 - active
characterized by
action; not passive; not expectant.
No:22 - activity
1. the state of being active; the ability to produce some effect; the extent of some function or
action. 2. a thermodynamic quantity that represents the effective concentration of a solute in a nonideal solution; if concentrations are replaced by activities, the equations for equilibrium constants, electrode potentials, osmotic pressure, boiling point
elevation, freezing point
depression, and vapour pressures of volatile solutes are converted from approximations that hold only for dilute solutions to exact equations that hold for all concentrations. The activity is equal to the product of the concentration and the activity coefficient, a dimensionless number measuring deviation from nonideality. Symbol a. 3. radioactivity; the number of disintegrations per unit
time of a radioactive material, measured in curies or becquerels. Symbol A. 4. optical activity.
No:23 - acuity
(L. acuitas sharpness) clarity or clearness, especially of the vision.
No:24 - acute
(L. acutus sharp) 1. sharp, poignant. 2. having a short and relatively severe course.
No:25 - adaptation
(L. adaptare to fit) 1. the adjustment of
an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances
such fitness. 2. the normal ability of the
eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of
light; the adjustment to
such variations. 3. the decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. in dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, © the exact adjustment of bands to
teeth. 5. in microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment.
No:26 - addiction
the state of being given
up to some habit, especially strong dependence on a drug.
No:27 - additional
existing or coming by way of addition; added, further.
No:28 - additive
1. characterized by addition. 2. a substance, as a flavouring agent, preservative, or vitamin, added to another substance to improve its appearance, increase its nutritional value, etc.
No:29 - adenitis
-
No:30 - adenoma
(adeno- + -oma) a benign epithelial tumour in which the cells form recognizable glandular structures or in which the cells are clearly derived from glandular epithelium.
No:31 - adequate
satisfactory in quantity or quality; sufficient.
No:32 - adhesion
(L. adhaesio, from adhaerere to stick to) 1. the property of remaining in close proximity, as that resulting from the physical attraction of molecules to a substance, or the molecular attraction existing between the surfaces of contacting bodies. 2. the stable joining of parts to each other, which may occur abnormally. 3. a fibrous band or structure by which parts abnormally adhere.
No:33 - adjuvant
(L. adjuvans aiding) a substance which aids another,
such as
an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response.
No:34 - adnexitis
inflammation of the adnexa uteri.
No:35 - adolescent
an individual during the period of adolescence.
No:36 - adrenergic
activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those
nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a
nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres.
No:37 - adrenolytic
(adreno + Gr. lysis a loosening) inhibiting the
action of adrenergic nerves; inhibiting the response to epinephrine.
No:38 - adsorption
(L. ad to + sorbere to suck) the attachment of one substance to the surface of another; the concentration of a gas or a substance in solution in a liquid on a surface in contact with the gas or liquid, resulting in a relatively high concentration of the gas or solution at the surface. Cf. absorption.
No:39 - adult
(L. adultus grown
up) a living organism which has attained full growth or maturity.
No:40 - adverse
harmful.
No:41 - advice
the way in which one regards something : view, opinion; recommendation regarding a decision or course of conduct : counsel.
No:42 - aerobic
1. having molecular oxygen present. 2. growing, living, or occurring in the presence of molecular oxygen. 3. requiring oxygen for respiration.
No:43 - aerophagy
(aero + Gr. phagein to eat) excessive swallowing of
air, usually
an unconscious process associated with anxiety, resulting in abdominal distention or belching, often interpreted by the patient as signs of a physical disorder.
No:44 - aerosol
a solution of a drug which can
be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy.
No:45 - aetiology
study of the causes of disease.
No:46 - affinity
(L. affinitas relationship) 1. inherent likeness or relationship. 2. a special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. chemical affinity; the
force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. the strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. in immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants
such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents
an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. the reciprocal of the dissociation constant.
No:47 - afterload
the tension produced by the
heart muscle after contraction.
No:48 - agalactia
(a neg. + Gr. gala milk + ia) absence or failure of the secretion of milk; called also agalactosis.
No:49 - agammaglobulinaemia
(a neg. + gamma globulin + -emia) absence of all classes of immunoglobulins in the blood.
No:50 - agent
(L. agens acting) any power, principle, or substance capable of producing
an effect, whether physical, chemical, or biological.
No:51 - aggravation
an increasing in seriousness or severity;
an act or circumstance that intensifies, or makes worse.
No:52 - aggregation
massing of materials together as in clumping.
No:53 - aggressiveness
the quality of being aggressive (= characterized by aggression; militant; enterprising; spreading with vigour; chemically active; variable and adaptable).
No:54 - agitation
a state of anxiety accompanied by motor restlessness.
No:55 - agonist
in anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at
cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances.
No:56 - agranulocytosis
a symptom complex characterized by marked decrease in the number of granulocytes and by lesions of the throat and other mucous membranes, of the gastrointestinal tract, and of the skin; called also granulocytopenia and Schultz's disease.
No:57 - akathisia
(a- neg. + Gr. kathisis a sitting down + -ia) 1. a condition of motor restlessness in which there is a feeling of muscular quivering,
an urge to move about constantly, and
an inability to
sit still, a common extrapyramidal side effect of neuroleptic drugs. 2.
an inability to
sit down because of intense anxiety at the thought of doing so.
No:58 - akinesia
(a neg. + Gr. kinsis motion + ia) 1. absence or poverty of movements. 2. the temporary paralysis of a
muscle by the injection of procaine.
No:59 - albumin
(albumen + -in) 1. any protein that is soluble in
water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions,
such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones,
such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the
liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease.
No:60 - alcoholism
a disorder characterized by pathological pattern of alcohol use that causes a serious impairment in social or occupational functioning. In DSN III-R this is termed alcohol abuse or, if tolerance or withdrawal is present, alcohol dependence.
No:61 - alert
attentive and quick to think or act.
No:62 - alimentary
pertaining to
food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion.
No:63 - alkaline
(L. alkalinus) having the reactions of
an alkali.
No:64 - alkaloid
(alkali + -oid) one of a large
group of nitrogenous basis substances found in plants. They are usually very bitter and many are pharmacologically active. Examples are atropine, caffeine, coniine, morphine, nicotine, quinine, strychnine. The term is also applied to synthetic substances (artificial a's) which have structures similar to plant alkaloids,
such as procaine.
No:65 - alkalosis
a pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of base, or from loss of acid without comparable loss of base in the
body fluids, and characterized by decrease in hydrogen ion concentration (increase in pH). Cf. acidosis.
No:66 - alkylate
to treat with
an alkylating agent.
No:67 - allergen
(allergy + -gen) a antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy).
No:68 - allergic
pertaining to, caused by, affected with, or of the nature of allergy.
No:69 - allergy
(Gr. allos other + ergon work) 1. a state of hypersensitivity induced by exposure to a particular antigen (allergen) resulting in harmful immunologic reactions on subsequent exposures; the term is usually used to refer to hypersensitivity to
an environmental antigen (atopic allergy or contact dermatitis) or to drug allergy; the original meaning, now obsolete, included all states of altered immunologic reactivity, immunity as well as hypersensitivity. Gell and Coombs used the term 'allergic reaction' to mean any harmful immunologic reaction causing tissue injury. 2. the medical specialty dealing with diagnosis and treatment of allergic disorders.
No:70 - alopecia
(Gr. alpekia a disease in which the
hair falls out) baldness; absence of the
hair from skin areas where it normally is present.
No:71 - alternate
cause to occur or appear one after the other.
No:72 - alternative
available in
place of something else.
No:73 - alveolitis
inflammation of
an alveolus. Called also odontobothritis.
No:74 - amblyopia
(ambly + -opia) impairment of vision without detectable organic lesion of the
eye.
No:75 - ambulant
(L. ambulans walking) walking or able to walk.
No:76 - amenorrhea
(a neg. + Gr. mn month + rhoia flow) absence or abnormal stoppage of the menses; called also amenia.
No:77 - amine
an organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a
group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds.
No:78 - amino acid
any organic compound containing
an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH)
group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying
table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins,
such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids,
such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA.
No:79 - amnesia
(Gr. amnsia forgetfulness) lack or loss of memory; inability to remember past experiences.
No:80 - amnion
(Gr. “bowl”;“membrane enveloping the
fetus”) the thin but tough extraembryonic membrane of reptiles, birds, and mammals that lines the chorion and contains the
fetus and the amniotic fluid around it; in mammals it is derived from trophoblast by folding or splitting.
No:81 - ampoule
a small glass or plastic container capable of being sealed so as to preserve its contents in a sterile condition; used principally for containing sterile parenteral solutions (American English: ampule).
No:82 - anabolic
relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism.
No:83 - anaemia
(Gr.
an neg. + haima blood + -ia) a reduction below normal in the number of erythrocytes per cu. mm., in the quantity of haemoglobin, or in the volume of packed red cells per 100 ml. of blood which occurs when the equilibrium between blood loss (through bleeding or destruction) and blood production is disturbed.
No:84 - anaerobic
1. lacking molecular oxygen. 2. growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to
an anaerobe.
No:85 - anaesthesia
(
an neg. + Gr. aisthsis sensation) loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of
pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures.
No:86 - anaesthetic
1. pertaining to, characterized by, or producing anaesthesia. 2. a drug or agent that is used to abolish the sensation of
pain.
No:87 - anal
pertaining to the anus.
No:88 - analeptic
(Gr. analepsis a repairing) a drug which acts as a restorative,
such as caffeine, amphetamine, pentylenetetrazol, etc.
No:89 - analgesic
an agent that alleviates
pain without causing loss of consciousness.
No:90 - analogous
(Gr. analogos according to a due ratio, conformable, proportionate) resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development; cf. homologous.
No:91 - analysis
(ana + Gr. lysis dissolution) separation into component parts or elements; the act of determining the component parts of a substance.
No:92 - anamnesis
(Gr. anamnsis a recalling) 1. recollection. 2. a medical or psychiatric patient history, as opposed to catamnesis (follow-
up). 3. immunologic memory.
No:93 - anaphylactic
pertaining to anaphylaxis.
No:94 - anastomosis
(Gr. anastomosis opening, outlet)
an opening created by surgical, traumatic or pathological means between two normally separate spaces or organs.
No:95 - anatomical
pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism.
No:96 - androgenic
producing masculine characteristics.
No:97 - anergic
(
an + Gr. ergon work) 1. characterized by abnormal inactivity; inactive. 2. marked by asthenia or lack of energy. 3. pertaining to anergy.
No:98 - aneurysm
(Gr. aneurysma a widening) a sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of
an artery, a vein, or the
heart. The chief signs of arterial aneurysm are the formation of a pulsating tumour, and often a bruit (aneurysmal bruit) heard over the swelling. Sometimes there are symptoms from pressure on contiguous parts.
No:99 - angiitis
(angi- + -tis) inflammation of a vessel, chiefly of a blood or a lymph vessel; called also vasculitis.
No:100 - anginal
pertaining to or characteristic of angina.
No:101 - angina pectoris
a paroxysmal thoracic
pain, with a failing of suffocation and impending
death, due, most often, to anoxia of the myocardium and precipitated by effort or excitement.
No:102 - angioedema
a vascular reaction involving the
deep dermis or subcutaneous or submucal tissues, representing localized edema caused by dilatation and increased permeability of the capillaries, and characterized by development of giant wheals.
No:103 - angioneurotic
denoting a neuropathy affecting the vascular system; see angioedema.
No:104 - anhydrous
-
No:105 - anionic
pertaining to or containing
an anion.
No:106 - anisocoria
(aniso- + Gr. kor pupil + -ia) inequality in diameter of the pupils.
No:107 - anogenital
pertaining to the anus and external genitals.
No:108 - anomaly
(Gr. anomalia) marked deviation from the normal standard, especially as a result of congenital defects.
No:109 - anorectal
pertaining to the anus and rectum or to the junction region between the two.
No:110 - anorexia
(Gr. 'want of appetite') lack or loss of the appetite for
food.
No:111 - anosmia
(
an neg. + osm smell + -ia) absence of the sense of smell; called also anosphrasia and olfactory anaesthesia.
No:112 - anovular
not accompanied with the discharge of
an ovum.
No:113 - anoxia
a total lack of oxygen; often used interchangeably with hypoxia to mean a reduced supply of oxygen to the tissues.
No:114 - antacid
(ant- + L. acidus sour) a substance that counteracts or neutralizes acidity, usually of the
stomach.
No:115 - antagonist
(Gr. antagonists
an opponent) a substance that tends to nullify the
action of another, as a drug that binds to a
cell receptor without eliciting a biological response.
No:116 - antecedent
existing or occurring before in
time or order often with consequential effects.
No:117 - anterograde
(antero- + L. gredi to go) moving or extending forward; called also antegrade.
No:118 - anthelmintic
(ant- + Gr. helmins worm)
an agent that is destructive to worms.
No:119 - anthrax
(Gr. 'coal', 'carbuncle')
an infectious bacterial zoonotic disease usually acquired by ingestion of Bacillus anthracis or its spores from infected pastures by herbivores or indirectly from infected carcasses by carnivores. It is transmitted to humans usually by contact with infected animals or their discharges (agricultural a.) or with contaminated
animal products (industrial a.). Anthrax is classified by primary routes of inoculation as : cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and inhalational. Called also charbon, milzbrand and splenic fever.
No:120 - antiacid
an agent that counteracts or neutralizes acidity (as
an alkali or absorbent).
No:121 - antiallergic
counteracting allergy or allergic conditions.
No:122 - antianginal
counteracting angina or anginal conditions.
No:123 - antiarrhythmic
an agent that prevents or alleviates cardiac arrhythmia.
No:124 - antiasthmatic
an agent that relieves the spasm of asthma.
No:125 - antibacterial
a substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction.
No:126 - antibiogram
an examination that measures the biological resistance of substances causing disease; performed prior to chemotherapy so as to make it more efficient.
No:127 - antibiotherapy
a therapy that uses antibiotics to treat infections.
No:128 - antibiotic
(anti- + Gr. bios
life) a chemical substance produced by a microorganism which has the capacity, in dilute solutions, to inhibit the growth of or to kill other microorganisms. Antibiotics that are sufficiently nontoxic to the host are used as chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of infectious diseases of man, animals and plants.
No:129 - antibody
an immunoglobulin molecule that has a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which it interacts only with the antigen that induced its synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with antigen closely related to it. Antibodies are classified according to their ode of
action as agglutinins, bacteriolysins, haemolysins, opsonins, precipitins, etc.
No:130 - anticholinergic
(anti- + cholinergic)
an agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic.
No:131 - anticoagulant
any substance that prevents blood clotting. Those administered for prophylaxis or treatment of thromboembolic disorders are heparin, which inactivates thrombin and several other clotting factors and which must
be administered parenterally, and the oral anticoagulants (warfarin, dicumarol, and congeners) which inhibit the hepatic synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. Anticoagulant solutions used for the preservation of stored whole blood and blood fractions are acid citrate dextrose (ACD), citrate phosphate dextrose (CPD), citrate phosphate dextrose-adenine (cPDA-1) and heparin. Anticoagulants used to prevent clotting of blood specimens for laboratory analysis are heparin and several substances that make calcium ions unavailable to the clotting process, including EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), citrate, oxalate, and fluoride.
No:132 - anticonvulsant
an agent that prevents or relieves convulsions.
No:133 - antidepressant
an agent that stimulates the mood of a depressed patient, including tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors.
No:134 - antidiabetic
an agent that prevents or alleviates diabetes.
No:135 - antidiuretic
suppressing the rate of urine formation.
No:136 - antidopaminergic
preventing or counteracting (the effects of) dopamine.
No:137 - antidote
(L. antidotum, from Gr. anti against + didonai to give) a remedy for counteracting a poison.
No:138 - antiemetic
(anti + Gr. emetikos inclined to vomit)
an agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant.
No:139 - antiepileptic
an agent that combats epilepsy.
No:140 - antiexudative
counteracting a process of exudation.
No:141 - antifibrinolytic
inhibiting fibrinolysis.
No:142 - antifungal
destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections.
No:143 - antigen
(antibody + Gr. gennan to produce) any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may
be soluble substances,
such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate,
such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag.
No:144 - antihistamine
a drug that counteracts the
action of histamine. The antihistamines are of two types. The conventional ones, as those used in allergies, block the H1 histamine receptors, whereas the others block the H2 receptors. Called also antihistaminic.
No:145 - antihypertensive
an agent that reduces high blood pressure.
No:146 - anti-infective
-
No:147 - anti-inflammatory
counteracting or suppressing inflammation.
No:148 - antimicrobial
killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth.
No:149 - antimitotic
inhibiting or preventing mitosis.
No:150 - antimycotic
suppressing the growth of fungi.
No:151 - antineoplastic
inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells.
No:152 - antioestrogenic
counteracting or suppressing oestrogenic activity
No:153 - antioxidant
one of many widely used synthetic or natural substances added to a product to prevent or delay its deterioration by
action of oxygen in the
air. Rubber, paints, vegetable oils, and prepared foods commonly contain antioxidants.
No:154 - antiphlogistic
an agent that counteracts inflammation and fever.
No:155 - antiproliferative
counteracting a process of proliferation.
No:156 - antipruritic
relieving or preventing itching.
No:157 - antipsychotic
effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de
la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to
be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic
action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry
mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors.
No:158 - antipyretic
(anti + Gr. pyretos fever)
an agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge.
No:159 - antiseptic
a substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. Cf. disinfectant and germicide.
No:160 - antispasmodic
an agent that relieves spasm.
No:161 - antithrombotic
preventing or interfering with the formation of thrombi;
an agent that so acts.
No:162 - antitoxin
a purified antiserum from animals (usually horses) immunized by injections of a toxin or toxoid, administered as a passive immunizing agent to neutralize a specific bacterial toxin, e.g., botulinus, tetanus or diphtheria.
No:163 - antitumour
counteracting tumour formation.
No:164 - antitussive
an agent that relieves or prevents cough.
No:165 - antiviral
destroying viruses or suppressing their replication.
No:166 - anuria
(
an neg. + Gr. ouron urine + -ia) complete suppression of urinary secretion by the kidneys; called also anuresis.
No:167 - anus
(L. 'ring', 'circle') the distal or terminal orifice of the alimentary canal.
No:168 - anxiety
the unpleasant emotional state consisting of psychophysiological responses to anticipation of unreal or imagined danger, ostensibly resulting from unrecognized intrapsychic conflict. Physiological concomitants include increased
heart rate, altered respiration rate, sweating, trembling, weakness, and fatigue; psychological concomitants include feelings of impending danger, powerlessness, apprehension, and tension.
No:169 - anxiolytic
an anxiolytic or antianxiety agent.
No:170 - apathy
(Gr. apatheia) lack of feeling or
emotion; indifference.
No:171 - aphasia
(a neg. + Gr. phasis speech) defect or loss of the power of expression by speech, writing, or signs, or of comprehending spoken or written
language, due to injury or disease of the
brain centres.
No:172 - aplasia
(a neg. + Gr. plassein to form) lack of development of
an organ or tissue, or of the cellular products from
an organ or tissue. Cf. hypoplasia.
No:173 - aplastic anaemia
a form of anaemia generally unresponsive to specific antianaemia therapy, often accompanied by granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia, in which the bone marrow may not necessarily
be acellular or hypoplastic but fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements. The term actually is all-inclusive and most probably encompasses several clinical syndromes.
No:174 - apnoea
cessation of breathing.
No:175 - application
employment as a means; specific use.
No:176 - approximate
approximal
No:177 - aqueous
watery; prepared with
water.
No:178 - aromatic
(L. aromaticus; Gr. aromatikos) having a spicy odour.
No:179 - arrhythmia
(a neg. + Gr. rhythmos rhythm) any variation from the normal rhythm of the
heart beat, including sinus arrhythmia, premature beat,
heart block, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, pulsus alternans, and paroxysmal tachycardia.
No:180 - arrhythmogenic
(a neg. + Gr. rhythmos rhythm + gennan to produce) producing or promoting arrhythmia.
No:181 - arterial
pertaining to
an artery or to the arteries.
No:182 - arteriography
(artery + Gr. graphein to write) roentgenography of arteries after injection of radiopacque material into the blood stream.
No:183 - arteriolar
pertaining to or resembling arterioles.
No:184 - arteriolosclerosis
sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles). Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive narrowing of the lumina may
be associated with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma.
No:185 - arteriovenous
both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting
an artery and a vein.
No:186 - arthralgia
(arthr- + -algia)
pain in a joint.
No:187 - arthritis
(Gr. arthron joint + -itis) rheumatism in which the inflammatory lesions are confined to the joints.
No:188 - arthropathy
(arthro + Gr. pathos disease) any joint disease.
No:189 - arthrosis
(arthro- + -osis) a disease of a joint.
No:190 - articular
(L. articularis) of or pertaining to a joint.
No:191 - artificial
(L. ars art + facere to make) made by art; not natural or pathological.
No:192 - ascites
(L; Gr. askits from askos bag) effusion and accumulation of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity; called also abdominal or peritoneal dropsy, hydroperitonia, and hydrops abdominis.
No:193 - asepsis
(a neg. + Gr. spesthai to decay) 1. freedom from infection. 2. the prevention of contact with microorganisms.
No:194 - aseptic
(a neg. + Gr. spsis decay) free from infection or septic material; sterile.
No:195 - aspiration
(L. ad to + spirare to breathe) the act of inhaling.
No:196 - assay
determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug.
No:197 - assist
to give support or aid; to
be present as a spectator.
No:198 - association
(L. associatio, from ad to + socius a fellow) 1. in neurology, correlation involving a high degree of modifiability and also consciousness. 2. in genetics the occurrence together of two or more phenotypic characteristics more often than would
be expected by change. To
be distinguished from linkage (q.v.). 3. in dysmorphology, the nonrandom occurrence in two or more individuals of multiple anomalies not known to
be a polytopic field defect, sequence, or syndrome.
No:199 - asthenia
(Gr. asthens without strength + -ia) lack or loss of strength and energy, weakness.
No:200 - astringent
(L. astringens, from ad to + stringere to bind) causing contraction, usually locally after topical application.
No:201 - asymptomatic
showing or causing no symptoms.
No:202 - asystole
cardiac standstill or arrest; absence of a heartbeat; called also Beau's syndrome.
No:203 - ataxia
(Gr. from a negative + taxis order) failure of muscular coordination; irregularity of muscular
action.
No:204 - atheromatosis
a diffuse atheromatous disease of the arteries.
No:205 - athetosis
(Gr. athetos not fixed + -osis) a derangement marked by ceaseless occurrence of slow, sinuous, writhing movements, especially severe in the hands, and performed involuntarily; it may occur after hemiplegia, and is then known as posthemiplegic chorea. Called also mobile spasm.
No:206 - atony
(L. atonia from a neg. + Gr. tonos tension) lack of normal tone or strength.
No:207 - atopic
(a neg. + Gr. topos
place) pertaining to
an atopen or to atopy; allergic.
No:208 - atoxic
(a neg. + Gr. toxikon poison) not poisonous; not due to a poison.
No:209 - atrial
-
No:210 - atrioventricular
pertaining to
an atrium of the
heart and to a ventricle.
No:211 - atrium
(L.; Gr. atrion hall) a chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate
an atrium of the
heart.
No:212 - atrophy
(L.; Gr. atrophia) a wasting away; a diminution in the size of a
cell, tissue, organ, or part.
No:213 - atypical
(a neg. + Gr. typos type or model) irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type.
No:214 - auditory
(L. auditorius) pertaining to the sense of hearing.
No:215 - aura
(L. 'breath') a subjective sensation or motor phenomenon that precedes and marks the of a paroxysmal attack,
such as
an epileptic attack on set.
No:216 - aural
(L. auris, q.v.) pertaining to or perceived by the
ear, as
an aural stimulus.
No:217 - auricular
(L. auricularis) pertaining to
an auricle or to the
ear, and, formerly, to
an atrium of the
heart.
No:218 - auscultation
the act of listening for sounds within the
body, chiefly for ascertaining the condition of the lungs,
heart, pleura, abdomen and other organs, and for the detection of pregnancy.
No:219 - autoimmune
pertaining to autoimmunity.
No:220 - automatism
(Gr. automatismos self-
action) aimless and apparently undirected behaviour that is not under conscious control and is performed without conscious knowledge; seen in psychomotor epilepsy, catatonic schizophrenia, psychogenic fugue, and other conditions. Called also automatic behaviour.
No:221 - autonomic
self-controlling; functionally independent.
No:222 - azoospermia
(a neg. + zoosperm) absence of spermatozoa in the semen, or failure of formation of spermatozoa.
No:223 - azotemia
(azote + Gr. haima blood + -ia)
an excess of urea or other nitrogenous compounds in the blood.
Discussion