List of Medical Roots prefixes and suffixes

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Affix	Mantrakshar	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
a-, an-		not, without (alpha privative)	Greek ἀ-/ἀν- (a-/an-), not, without	analgesic, apathy
ab-		from; away from	Latin	abduction
abdomin-		of or relating to the abdomen	Latin abdōmen, abdomen, fat around the belly	abdomen, abdominal
-ac		pertaining to; one afflicted with	Greek -ακός (-akós)	cardiac, hydrophobiac
acanth-		thorn or spine	Greek ἄκανθα (ákantha), thorn	acanthion, acanthocyte, acanthoma, acanthulus
acou-		of or relating to hearing	Greek ἀκούειν (akoúein), ἀκουστικός (akoustikós), of or for hearing	acoumeter, acoustician, hyperacusis
acr-		extremity, topmost	Greek ἄκρον (ákron), highest or farthest point	acrocrany, acromegaly, acroosteolysis, acroposthia
-acusis		hearing	Greek ἀκουστικός (akoustikós), of or for hearing	paracusis
-ad		toward, in the direction of	Latin ad, toward, to	dorsad, ventrad
ad-		at, increase, on, toward	Latin ad-, to	adduction, addition
aden-		of or relating to a gland	Greek ἀδήν, ἀδέν-, (adḗn, adén-), an acorn; a gland	adenocarcinoma, adenology, adenotome, adenotyphus
adipo-		of or relating to fat or fatty tissue	Latin (adeps, adip-), fat	adipocyte
adren-		of or relating to the adrenal glands	Latin ad + rēnēs, kidneys	adrenal artery
-aemia, ema, hemat (BrE)		blood condition	Greek ἀναιμία (anaimía), without blood	anaemia
aer(o)-		air, gas	Greek ἀήρ, ἀέρος (aḗr, aéros)	aerosinusitis, aerodynamics
aesthesi- (BrE)		sensation	Greek αἴσθησις (aísthēsis)	anaesthesia
-al		pertaining to	Latin -alis	abdominal, femoral
alb-		denoting a white or pale color	Latin albus, white	albino, tunica albica
alge(si)-		pain	Greek ἄλγος (álgos)	analgesic
-algia, alg(i)o-		pain	Greek	myalgia
all-		denoting something as different, or as an addition	Greek ἄλλος (állos), another, other	alloantigen, allopathy
ambi-		denoting something as positioned on both sides; describing both of two	Latin (ambi-, ambo), both, on both sides	ambidextrous
amnio-		Pertaining to the membranous fetal sac (amnion)	Greek ἄμνιον (ámnion)	amniocentesis
amph(i)-,		on both sides	Greek ἀμφί (amphí)	amphicrania, amphismela, amphomycin
amylo-		starchy, carbohydrate-related	Latin amylum (starch)	amylase, amylophagia
an-		not, without (alpha privative)	Greek	analgesia
ana-		back, again, up	Greek ἀνα- (ana-)	anaplasia
an-		anus	Latin	anal
andr-		pertaining to a man	Greek ἀνήρ, ἀνδρ- (anḗr, andr-), male	android, andrology, androgen
angi-		blood vessel	Greek ἀγγεῖον (angeîon)	angiogram, angioplasty
aniso-		describing something as unequal	Greek ἄνῑσος (ánīsos), unequal	anisocytosis, anisotropic
ankyl-, ancyl-		denoting something as crooked or bent	Greek ἀγκύλος (ankúlos), crooked, curved	ankylosis
ante-		describing something as positioned in front of another thing	Latin (āntē), before, in front of	antepartum
anthropo-		human	Greek άνθρωπος (ánthrōpos), human	anthropology
anti-		describing something as 'against' or 'opposed to' another	Greek αντι (anti), against	antibody, antipsychotic
apo-		away, separated from, derived from	Greek ἀπό (apó)	apoptosis
archi-		first, primitive	Greek ἀρχι- (arkhi-)	archinephron
arsen(o)-		of or pertaining to a male; masculine	Greek αρσενικός (arsenikós)	arsenoblast
arteri(o)-		of or pertaining to an artery	Greek ἀρτηρία (artēría), a wind-pipe, artery (used distinctly versus a vein)	arteriole, artery
arthr-		of or pertaining to the joints, limbs	Greek ἄρθρον (árthron), a joint, limb	arthritis
articul-		joint	Latin articulus	Articulation
-ary		pertaining to	Latin -arius	biliary tract, coronary
-ase		enzyme	from Greek διάστασις (δια- (dia-, part, apart) + στάσις (stásis, stand)), division	Lactase
-asthenia		weakness	Greek ἀσθένεια (asthéneia)	Myasthenia gravis
atel(o)-		imperfect or incomplete development	Greek ἀτελής (atelḗs), without end, incomplete	atelocardia
ather-		fatty deposit, soft gruel-like deposit	ἀθάρη (athárē)	Atherosclerosis
-ation		process	Latin	medication, civilization
atri-		an atrium (esp. heart atrium)	Latin	atrioventricular
aur-		of or pertaining to the ear	Latin (auris), the ear	Aural
aut-		self	Greek αὐτός, αὐτο- (autós, auto-)	Autoimmune, autograph, autobiography, automobile, automatic
aux(o)-		increase; growth	Greek αὐξάνω, αὔξω (auxánō, aúxō)	Auxocardia: enlargement of the heart, auxology
axill-		of or pertaining to the armpit (uncommon as a prefix)	Latin (axilla), armpit	Axilla
azo(to)-		nitrogenous compound	French azote, nitrogen; from Greek άζωτικός (ázōtikós) ἀ- (a-, no, without) + ζωή (zōḗ, life)), mephitic air	azothermia: raised temperature due to nitrogenous substances in blood
Affix	Mantrakshar	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
-iasis		condition, formation, or presence of	Latin -iasis, pathological condition or process; from Greek ἴασις (íasis), cure, repair, mend	mydriasis
iatr(o)-		of or pertaining to medicine or a physician (uncommon as a prefix but common as a suffix; see -iatry)	Greek ἰατρός (iatrós), healer, physician	iatrochemistry, iatrogenesis
-iatry		denotes a field in medicine emphasizing a certain body component	Greek ἰατρός (iatrós), healer, physician	podiatry, psychiatry
-ic		pertaining to	Greek -ικός (-ikós)	hepatic artery
-ics		organized knowledge, treatment	Latin -icus, collection of related things, theme; cognate with Greek -ικός (ikós), of, pertaining to	obstetrics
idio-		self, one's own	Greek ἴδιος (ídios), one's own	idiopathic
ileo-		ileum	Greek εἰλεός (eileós), to shut in, intestinal obstruction	ileocecal valve
infra-		below	Latin īnfrā, below	infrahyoid muscles
inter-		between, among	Latin inter	interarticular ligament
intra-		within	Latin intrā	intramural
ipsi-		same	Latin ipsi-	ipsilateral
irid(o)-		of or pertaining to the iris	Latin īrīs, rainbow; from Greek ἶρις (îris), rainbow	iridectomy
isch-		restriction	Greek ἴσχω (ískhō), hold back, restrain	ischemia
ischio-		of or pertaining to the ischium, the hip-joint	Greek ἰσχίον (iskhíon), hip-joint, ischium	ischioanal fossa
-ism		condition, disease	Greek -ισμός (-ismós), suffix forming abstract nouns of state, condition, doctrine	dwarfism
-ismus		spasm, contraction	Greek -ισμός	hemiballismus
iso-		denoting something as being equal	Greek ἴσος (ísos), equal	isotonic
-ist		one who specializes in	Greek -ιστής (-istḗs), agent noun, one who practices	pathologist
-ite		the nature of, resembling	Latin -ītēs, those belonging to, from Greek -ίτης (-ítēs)	dendrite
-itis		inflammation	Greek -ῖτις (-îtis) fem. form of -ίτης (-ítēs), pertaining to, because it was used with the feminine noun νόσος (nósos, disease), thus -îtis nósos, disease of the, disease pertaining to	tonsillitis
-ium		structure, tissue	Latin -ium, aggregation or mass of (such as tissue)	pericardium
Affix	Mantrakshar	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
-ula, -ule		small	Latin	Nodule
ultra-		beyond, excessive	Latin ultra	ultrasound, ultraviolet
umbilic-		of or pertaining to the navel, the umbilicus	Latin umbilīcus, navel, belly-button	umbilical
ungui-		of or pertaining to the nail, a claw	Latin unguis, nail, claw	unguiform, ungual
un(i)-	1	one	Latin ūnus	unilateral hearing loss
ur-		of or pertaining to urine, the urinary system	Greek οὐρέω, οὐρεῖν (ouréō, oureîn); οὖρον (oûron), urine	antidiuretic, diuresis, diuretic, dysuria, enuresis, polyurea, polyuria, uraemia/uremia, uremic, ureter, urethra, urology
urin-		of or pertaining to urine, the urinary system	Latin ūrīna, urine < Greek οὖρον (oûron), see ur- above.	uriniferous
uter(o)-		of or pertaining to the uterus or womb	Latin uterus, womb, uterus	uterus
Affix	Mantrakshar	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
-eal (see -al)		pertaining to	English -al, from Latin -ālis	adenohypophyseal, corneal, esophageal, perineal
ec-		out, away	Greek ἐκ (ek), out of, from	ectopia, ectopic pregnancy
ect(o)-		outer, outside	Greek ἐκτός (ektós)	ectoblast, ectoderm, ectoplasm
-ectasia, -ectasis		expansion, dilation	Greek ἔκτασις (éktasis)	bronchiectasis, telangiectasia
-ectomy		denotes a surgical operation or removal of a body part; resection, excision	Greek ἐκτομή (ektomḗ), excision	mastectomy
-emesis		vomiting condition	Greek ἕμεσις (hémesis)	hematemesis
-emia		blood condition (Am. Engl.)	Greek αἷμα (haîma), blood	anemia
encephal(o)-		of or pertaining to the brain; see also cerebro-	Greek ἐγκέφαλος (enképhalos), the brain	encephalogram
endo-		denotes something as inside or within	Greek ἔνδον (éndon), inside, internal	endocrinology, endospore, endoskeleton
eosin(o)-		having a red color	Greek ἠώς (ēṓs), dawn, daybreak, morning red, goddess of the dawn (Ἠώς, Ēṓs)	eosinophil granulocyte
enter(o)-		of or pertaining to the intestine	Greek ἔντερον (énteron), intestine	gastroenterology
epi-		on, upon	Greek ἐπι- (epi-), before, upon, on, outside, outside of	epicardium, epidermis, epidural, episclera, epistaxis, epidemic
episi(o)-		of or pertaining to the pubic region, the loins	Greek ἐπίσιον (epísion), the pubic area, loins; vulva	episiotomy
erythr(o)-		having a red color	Greek ἐρυθρός (eruthrós), red	erythrocyte
-esophageal, -esophago-		gullet (AmE)	Greek οἰσοφάγος (oisophágos)	esophagus
esthesio-		sensation (AmE)	Greek αἴσθησις (aísthēsis), to perceive	esthesioneuroblastoma, esthesia
eu-		true, good, well, new	εὖ (eû)	eukaryote
ex-		out of, away from	Latin ex-	excision, except
exo-		denotes something as outside another	Greek ἔξω (éxō), outside of, external	exophthalmos, exoskeleton, exoplanet
extra-		outside	Latin extra, outside of, beyond	extradural hematoma extraordinary, extreme
Affix	Mantrakshar	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
ocul-		of or pertaining to the eye	Latin oculus, the eye	Oculist
odont-		of or pertaining to teeth	Greek ὀδούς, ὀδοντ- (odoús, odont-, tooth	orthodontist
odyn-		pain	Greek ὀδύνη (odúnē)	stomatodynia
-oesophageal, oesophago- (BrE)		gullet	Greek οἰσοφᾰ́γος (oisophágos)	oesophagus
-oid		resemblance to	Greek -ειδής (-eidḗs), like, connected to, pertaining to	Sarcoidosis
ole		small or little	Latin -olus, suffix to form a diminutive of the noun	arteriole
olig-		having little, having few	Greek ὀλῐ́γος (olígos), few	oligotrophy
om(o)-		shoulder	Greek ὦμος (ômos), shoulder	omoplate
-oma (singular), -omata (plural)		tumor, mass, fluid collection	Greek -μα (-ma), suffix added to verbs to form nouns indicating the result of a process or action; cf. English -tion	sarcoma, teratoma, mesothelioma
omphal(o)-		of or pertaining to the navel, the umbilicus	Greek ὀμφαλός (omphalós), navel, belly-button	omphalotomy
onco-		tumor, bulk, volume	Greek ὄγκος (ónkos)	oncology
-one				hormone
onych(o)-		of or pertaining to the nail (of a finger or toe)	Greek ὄνυξ, ὀνυχο- (ónux, onukho-), nail; claw; talon	onychophagy
oo-		of or pertaining to an (egg), a woman's egg, the ovum	Greek ᾠόν, ᾠο- (ōión, ōio-), egg, ovum	oogenesis
oophor(o)-		of or pertaining to the woman's (ovary)	Neoclassical Greek ᾠοφόρον (ōiophóron), ovary, egg-bearing	oophorectomy
ophthalm(o)-		of or pertaining to the (eye)	Greek ὀφθαλμός (ophthalmós), the eye	ophthalmology
opistho-		back, behind, rear[8]	Greek ὄπῐσθεν (ópisthen), behind, at the back	opisthotonus
-opsy		examination or inspection	Greek ὄψῐς (ópsis), view	biopsy, autopsy
optic(o)-		of or relating to chemical properties of the eye	Middle French optique; from Greek ὀπτῐκός (optikós); cognate with Latin oculus, relating to the eye	opticochemical, biopsy
or(o)-		of or pertaining to the mouth	Latin ōs, ōris, mouth	oral
-or		one who, agent noun–forming suffix	generally appended where Latin would do it—to the root of a Latin-type perfect passive participle. Cf. -er	doctor
orchi(o)-, orchid(o)-, orch(o)-		testis	Greek ὄρχις (órkhis), testicle, ovary	orchiectomy, orchidectomy
orth(o)-		denoting something as straight or correct	Greek ὀρθός (orthós), straight, correct, normal	orthodontist
-osis		a condition, disease or increase	Greek -ωσις (-ōsis), state, abnormal condition, action	Harlequin type ichthyosis, psychosis, osteoporosis
ossi-, osse-		bone, bony	Latin os, bone	peripheral ossifying fibroma, osseous
ost(e)-, oste(o)-		bone	Greek ὀστέον (ostéon), bone	osteoporosis, osteoarthritis
ot(o)-		of or pertaining to the ear	Greek οὖς, ὠτ- (oûs, ōt-), the ear	otology
-ous		pertaining to	Latin -ōsus, full of, prone to	porous
ovari(o)-		of or pertaining to the ovaries	Latin ōvarium, ovary	ovariectomy
ovo-, ovi-, ov-		of or pertaining to the eggs, the ovum	Latin (ōvum), egg, ovum	ovogenesis
oxo-, ox/i		addition of oxygen
oxy-		sharp, acid, acute; oxygen	borrowed from French oxygène (originally principe oxigine, 'acidifying principle', referring to oxygen's role in the formation of acids, from Greek ὀξύς (oxús), sharp, pointed + γένος (génos), birth)	oxytocin, oxygenated, oxycodone

Affix	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
kal-	potassium	New Latin kalium, potassium	hyperkalemia
kary-	nucleus	Greek κάρυον (káruon), nut	eukaryote
kerat-	cornea (eye or skin)	Greek κέρας (kéras), horn	keratoscope
kine-	movement	Greek κινέω (kinéō), to move, to change	akinetopsia, kinesthesia
koil-	hollow	Greek κοῖλος (koîlos)	koilocyte
kyph-	humped	Greek κυφός (kuphós), bent forward, stooping, hunchbacked	kyphoscoliosis
galact-	milk	Greek γάλα, γαλακτ- (gála, galakt-)	galactorrhea, galaxy
gastr-	of or pertaining to the stomach	Greek γαστήρ, γαστρ- (gastḗr, gastr-), stomach, belly	gastroenterology, gastropod
-gen	*born in, from	Greek -γενής (-genḗs), from γεν-νάειν (gen-náein), to be born	*endogen
	of a certain kind		heterogenous
-genic	formative; pertaining to producing	Greek -γενής (-genḗs)	cardiogenic shock
genu-	of or pertaining to the knee	Latin genū, knee	genu valgum
-geusia	taste	Greek γεῦσις (geûsis)	ageusia, dysgeusia, hypergeusia, hypogeusia, parageusia
gingiv-	of or pertaining to the gums	Latin gingīva, gum	gingivitis
gon-	seed, semen; reproductive	Greek γόνος (gónos), fruit, seed, procreating	gonorrhea
glauc(o)-	Having a grey or bluish-grey colour	Greek γλαυκός (glaukós), grey, bluish-grey	glaucoma
gloss(o)-, glott(o)-	of or pertaining to the tongue	Greek γλῶσσα, γλῶττα (glôssa, glôtta), tongue	glossology
gluco-	sweet	Greek γλυκύς (glukús), sweet	glucocorticoid, glucose
glyc-	sugar	Greek γλυκύς (glukús), sweet	glycolysis
gnath-	of or pertaining to the jaw	Greek γνάθος (gnáthos), jaw	gnathodynamometer
-gnosis	knowledge	Greek γνῶσις (gnôsis), inquiry, knowledge	diagnosis, prognosis
-gram, -gramme	record or picture	Greek γράμμα (grámma), picture, letter, writing	angiogram, gramophone
-graph	instrument used to record data or picture	Greek -γραφία (-graphía), written, drawn, graphic interpretation	electrocardiograph, seismograph
-graphy	process of recording	Greek -γραφία (-graphía), written, drawn, graphic interpretation	angiography
gyno-, gynaeco- (BrE), gyneco- (AmE)	woman	Greek γυνή, γυναικ (gunḗ, gunaik)	gynaecology, gynecomastia, gynoecium

Affix	Mantrakshar	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
capill-		of or pertaining to hair	Latin capillus, hair	capillus
capit-		pertaining to the head as a whole	Latin caput, capit-, the head	capitation, decapitation
carcin-		cancer	Greek καρκίνος (karkínos), crab	carcinoma
cardi-		of or pertaining to the heart	Greek καρδία (kardía), heart	cardiology
carp-		of or pertaining to the wrist	Latin (carpus) < Greek καρπός (karpós), wrist; NOTE: This root should not be confused with the mirror root carp(o)- meaning fruit.	carpal, carpopedal spasm, metacarpal
cata-		down, under	Greek κατά (katá)	catabolism, catacombs, cataract
-cele		pouching, hernia	Greek κήλη (kḗlē)	Hydrocele, Varicocele
-centesis		surgical puncture for aspiration	Greek κέντησις (kéntēsis)	amniocentesis
cephal(o)-		of or pertaining to the head (as a whole)	Greek κεφαλή (kephalḗ), the head	cephalalgy, hydrocephalus
cerat(o)-		of or pertaining to the cornu; a horn	Greek κέρας, κερατ- (kéras, kerat-), a horn	ceratoid
cerebell(o)-		of or pertaining to the cerebellum	Latin cerebellum, little brain	cerebellum
cerebr(o)-		of or pertaining to the brain	Latin cerebrum, brain	cerebrology
cervic-		of or pertaining to the neck or the cervix	Latin cervix, cervīc-), neck, cervix	cervical vertebrae, cervicodorsal
cheil-		of or pertaining to the lips	Greek χεῖλος (kheîlos), lip, mouth, beak	angular cheilitis
chem(o)-		chemistry, drug	Greek χημεία (khēmeía)	chemical, chemistry, chemotherapy
chir-, cheir-		of or pertaining to the hand	Greek χείρ, χειρο- (kheír, kheiro-), hand	chiropractor
chlor-		denoting a green color	Greek χλωρός (khlōrós), green, yellow-green	chlorophyll
chol(e)-		of or pertaining to bile	Greek χολή (kholḗ), bile	cholaemia (UK) / cholemia (US), cholecystitis
cholecyst(o)-		of or pertaining to the gallbladder	Greek χοληκύστις (kholēkústis), gallbladder < χολή (kholḗ), bile, gall + κύστις (kústis), bladder	cholecystectomy
chondr(i)o-		cartilage, gristle, granule, granular	Greek χονδρός (grc)	chondrocalcinosis
chrom(ato)-		color	Greek χρῶμα (khrôma)	hemochromatosis
-cidal, -cide		killing, destroying	Latin -cīda, cutter, killer	bacteriocidal, suicide, suicidal
cili-		of or pertaining to the cilia, the eyelashes; eyelids	Latin cilium, eyelash; eyelid	ciliary
circum-		denoting something as 'around' another	Latin circum, around	circumcision
cis-		on this side	Latin cis	cisgender
-clast		break	Greek κλαστός (klastós), broken	osteoclast
clostr-		spindle	Greek κλωστήρ (klōstḗr), spindle, thread	Clostridium
co-		with, together, in association	Latin co-	coenzymes, co-organization
-coccus, ‑coccal		round, spherical	Greek κόκκος (kókkos), berry, seed	Streptococcus
col-, colo-, colono-		colon	Greek κόλον (kólon)	colonoscopy
colp-		of or pertaining to the vagina	Greek κόλπος (kólpos), bosom, womb; hollow, depth	colposcopy
com-		with, together	Latin cum	communicate
contra-		against	Latin contrā	contraindication
cor-		with, together	Latin cor-	corrective
cor-		of or pertaining to the eye's pupil	Greek κόρη (kórē), girl, doll; pupil of the eye	corectomy
cord(i)-		of or pertaining to the heart (uncommon as a prefix)	Latin cor, heart	commotio cordis,
cornu-		applied to describing processes and parts of the body as likened or similar to horns	Latin cornū, horn	greater cornu
coron-		pertaining to the heart	Latin corōna	coronary heart disease
cortic-		cortex, outer region	Latin cortex, bark of a tree	corticosteroid
cost-		of or pertaining to the ribs	Latin costa, rib	costochondral
cox-		of or relating to the hip, haunch, or hip-joint	Latin coxa, hip	coxopodite
crani(o)-		belonging or relating to the cranium	Latin cranium, from Greek κρᾱνίον (krāníon), cranium, skull, bones enclosing the brain	craniology
-crine, crin(o)-		to secrete	Greek κρίνω (krínō), separate, divide, discern	endocrine
cry(o)-		cold	Greek κρύος (krúos), cold, frost	cryoablation, cryogenic
cutane-		skin	Latin cutis	subcutaneous
cyan(o)-		having a blue color	Greek κύανος, κυάνεος (kúanos, kuáneos, blue, of the color blue)	cyanopsia
cycl-		circle, cycle	Greek κύκλος (kúklos)	cyclosis, cyclops, tricycle
cyph(o)-		denotes something as bent (uncommon as a prefix)	Greek κυφός (kuphós), bent, hunchback	cyphosis
cyst(o)-, cyst(i)-		of or pertaining to the urinary bladder	Greek κύστις (kústis), bladder, cyst	cystotomy
cyt(o)-, -cyte		cell	Greek κύτος (kútos), a hollow, vessel	cytokine, leukocyte, cytoplasm
Affix	Mantrakshar	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
juxta-		near to, alongside, or next to	Latin iuxta	juxtaglomerular apparatus

Affix	Mantrakshar	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
tachy-		denoting something as fast, irregularly fast	Greek τᾰχῠ́ς (takhús), fast, quickly	tachycardia
-tension, -tensive		pressure	Latin tēnsiō, stretching, extension, tension	hypertension
terato-		Monster	Greek τέρᾰς (téras)	teratoma, teratogen
tetan-		rigid, tense	Greek τέτανος (tétanos)	tetanus
-tic		pertaining to	Greek -τῐκός (-tikós), adjective-forming suffix denoting: relating to, able to, suited to
toco-		childbirth	Greek τόκος (tókos)	tocolytic
-tome		cutting instrument	Greek τομή (tomḗ), intersection
-tomy		act of cutting; incising, incision	Greek τομία (-tomía)	Gastrotomy
ton-		tone, tension, pressure	Greek τόνος (tónos), rope, cord; tension
-tony		tension	Greek -τονία (-tonía)
top(o)-		place, topical	Greek τόπος (tópos)	Topical anesthetic
tort(i)-		twisted	Latin tortus	Torticollis
tox(i)-, tox(o)-, toxic(o)-		toxin, poison	Greek τοξικόν (toxikón), bow (archery), bow-related; from Greek τοξικόν φάρμᾰκον (toxikón phármakon), poison for smearing arrows with	Toxoplasmosis
tympan(o)-		eardrum	Greek τῠ́μπᾰνον (túmpanon), drum, eardrum	tympanocentesis
thec-		case, sheath	Greek θήκη (thḗkē)	intrathecal
thel-		of or pertaining to a nipple (uncommon as a prefix)	Greek θηλή (thēlḗ), a teat, nipple	Theleplasty, thelarche
thely-		denoting something as relating to a woman, feminine	Greek θῆλῠς (thêlus), female, feminine	Thelygenous
therap-		treatment	Greek θερᾰπείᾱ (therapeíā)	hydrotherapy, therapeutic
therm(o)-		heat	Greek θερμός (thermós)	hypothermia
thorac(i)-, thorac(o)-, thoracico-		of or pertaining to the upper chest, chest; the area above the breast and under the neck	Latin thōrāx < Greek θώρᾱξ (thṓrāx), chest, cuirass	thoracic, thorax
thromb(o)-		of or relating to a blood clot, clotting of blood	Greek θρόμβος (thrómbos), lump, piece, clot of blood	thrombus, thrombocytopenia
thyr(o)-		thyroid	Greek θῠρεός (thureós), large oblong shield; + εἶδος (eîdos), a form or shape
thym-		emotions	Greek θῡμός (thūmós), spirit, soul; courage; breath, mind, emotions	dysthymia
trache(a)-		trachea	Greek τραχεῖα (trakheîa), windpipe	Tracheotomy
trachel(o)-		of or pertaining to the neck	Greek τρᾰ́χηλος (trákhēlos), neck	tracheloplasty
trans-		denoting something as moving or situated across or through	Latin trāns, across, through	Transfusion
tri-	3	three	Latin tri-	triangle, triceps
trich(i)-, trichia, trich(o)-		of or pertaining to hair, hair-like structure	Greek θρῐ́ξ (thríx), hair	trichocyst
-tripsy		crushing	Greek τρῖψις (trípsis), rubbing, friction	lithotripsy
-trophy		nourishment, development	Greek τροφή (trophḗ), food, nourishment	pseudohypertrophy
-trop		turned toward, with an orientation toward, having an affinity for, affecting	Greek (trópos), turn, way, manner, style	geotropic, phototropic
Affix	Mantrakshar	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
dacry(o)-		of or pertaining to tears	Greek δάκρυ, tear	dacryoadenitis, dacryocystitis
-dactyl(o)-		of or pertaining to a finger, toe	Greek δάκτυλος (dáktulos), finger, toe	dactylology, polydactyly
de-		from, down, or away from	Latin de-	dehydrate, demonetize, demotion
dent-		of or pertaining to teeth	Latin dens, dentis, tooth	dentist, dental
dermat(o)-, derm(o)-		of or pertaining to the skin	Greek δέρμα, δέρματος (dérma, dérmatos), skin, human skin	dermatology, epidermis, hypodermic, xeroderma
-desis		binding	Greek δέσις (désis)	arthrodesis
dextr(o)-		right, on the right side	Latin dexter	dextrocardia
di-		two	Greek δι-	diplopia,
di-		apart, separation	Latin dis-	dilation, distal, dilute
dia-		through, during, across	Greek διά (diá), through, during, across	dialysis
dif-		apart, separation	Latin dif-	different
digit-		of or pertaining to the finger [rare as a root]	Latin digitus, finger, toe	digit
diplo-		twofold	Greek διπλόος (diplóos)	diploid, diplosis
-dipsia		(condition of) thirst	Greek δίψα (dípsa)	dipsomania, hydroadipsia, oligodipsia, polydipsia
dis-		separation, taking apart	Latin dis-	dissection
dors(o)-, dors(i)-		of or pertaining to the back	Latin dorsum, back	dorsal, dorsocephalad
dromo-		running, conduction, course	Greek δρόμος (drómos)	dromotropic, syndrome
duodeno-		twelve	Latin duodeni	duodenal atresia, duodenum
dura-		hard	Latin durus	dura mater
dynam(o)-		force, energy, power	Greek δύναμις (dúnamis)	hand strength dynamometer, dynamics
-dynia		pain	Greek ὀδύνη (odúnē)	vulvodynia
dys-		bad, difficult, defective, abnormal	Greek δυσ- (dus-)	dysentery, dysphagia, dysphasia

Affix	Mantrakshar	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
nan(o)-		dwarf, small	Greek νᾶνος (nânos), dwarf	nanogram, nanosecond
narc(o)-		numb, sleep	Greek νάρκη (nárkē), numbess, torpor	narcolepsy
nas(o)-		of or pertaining to the nose	Latin nāsus, nose	nasal
nat(o)-		birth	Latin nātus, born, arisen, made	neonatology
necr(o)-		death	Greek νεκρός (nekrós), dead body, corpse, dying person	necrosis, necrotizing fasciitis
neo-		new	Greek νέος (néos), young, youthful, new, fresh	neoplasm
nephr(o)-		of or pertaining to the kidney	Greek νεφρός (nephrós), kidney	nephrology
nerv-		of or pertaining to nerves and the nervous system (uncommon as a root: neuro- mostly always used)	Latin nervus, tendon, nerve; cognate with Greek νεῦρον (neûron), tendon, string, nerve	nerve, nervous system
neur-		of or pertaining to nerves and the nervous system	Greek νεῦρον (neûron), tendon, sinew, nerve	neurofibromatosis
noci-		pain, injury, hurt	Latin noceō	nociception
norm-		normal	Latin nōrma, norm or standard; lit. carpenter's square	normocapnia

Affix	Mantrakshar	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
pachy-		thick	Greek πᾰχῠ́ς (pakhús), thick, large, stout	pachyderma, pachyderm
-pagus		Indicates conjoined twins, with the first part denoting the organs fused	Greek πάγος (págos), fixed, set, fastened	xiphopagus
palpebr-		of or pertaining to the eyelid	Latin palpebra, eyelid	palpebra
pan-, pant(o)-		denoting something as 'complete' or containing 'everything'; all	Greek πᾶς, παν- (pâs, pan-), all, every	panophobia, panopticon, pancytopenia (deficiency in all blood cell types - erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes)[9]
papill-		of or pertaining to the nipple (of the chest/breast)	Latin papilla, nipple; diminutive of papula (see below)	papillitis
papul(o)-		Indicates papulosity, a small elevation or swelling in the skin, a pimple, swelling	Latin papula, pimple, pustle; a small elevation or swelling in the skin	papulation
para-		alongside of	Greek πᾰρᾰ́ (pará)	paracyesis
-paresis		slight paralysis	Greek πάρεσις (páresis)	hemiparesis
parvo-		small	Latin parvus, small, little, unimportant	Parvovirus
path(o)-		disease	Greek πᾰ́θος (páthos), pain, suffering, condition	Pathology
-pathy		denotes (with a negative sense) a disease, or disorder	Greek πᾰ́θος (páthos), suffering, accident	sociopathy, neuropathy
pauci-		Few	Latin paucus	Pauci-immune
pector-		breast or chest	Latin pectus	pectoralgia, pectoriloquy, pectorophony
ped-, -ped-, -pes		of or pertaining to the foot; -footed	Latin pēs, pēd-, foot	Pedoscope
ped-, pedo-		of or pertaining to the child	Greek παῖς, παιδός (paîs, paidós), child	pediatrics. pedophilia
pelv(i)-, pelv(o)-		hip bone	Latin pelvis, basin	Pelvis
-penia		deficiency	Greek πενῐ́ᾱ, poverty, indigence	osteopenia
peo-		of or pertaining to the penis	Greek πέος (péos)	Peotomy
-pepsia		denotes something relating to digestion, or the digestive tract.	Greek πεπτός (peptós), cooked, digested < πέσσω (péssō), I boil, cook; digest	dyspepsia
per-		through	Latin per, through, by means of	percutaneous
peri-		denoting something with a position 'surrounding' or 'around' another	Greek περῐ́ (perí), around, about, concerning	periodontal
-pexy		fixation	Greek πῆξις (pêxis), fixing in place, fastening	nephropexy
pia		soft	Medieval Latin pia mater, tender mother, from Latin pia, pius, pious, dutiful, good	pia mater
piri-		Pear	Latin pirum, cognate with Greek ἄπιον (ápion), pear	Piriformis muscle
pod-, -pod-, -pus		of or pertaining to the foot, -footed	Greek πούς, ποδ- (poús, pod-), foot	podiatry
-poiesis		production	Greek ποίησις (poíēsis), poetry, poem, creation	hematopoiesis
polio-		having a grey color	Greek πολῐός (poliós), grey, grizzled	poliomyelitis
poly-		denotes a 'plurality' of something	Greek πολῠ́ς (polús), many, a lot of, large, great	polymyositis
por-		pore, porous	Greek πόρος (póros), passage, passageway	pore
porphyr-		denotes a purple color	Greek πορφύρα (porphúra), Tyrian purple, royal purple	porphyroblast
post-		denotes something as 'after (time)' or 'behind (space)' another	Latin post, after, behind	postoperation, postmortem
pulmon-, pulmo-		of or relating to the lungs	Latin pulmō, a lung	pulmonary
Affix	Mantrakshar	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
phaco-		lens-shaped	Greek φᾰκός (phakós), lentil-bean	phacolysis, phacometer, phacoscotoma
-phagia, -phage		Forms terms denoting conditions relating to eating or ingestion	Greek φαγία (phagía) eating < φᾰγεῖν (phageîn), to eat	Sarcophagia
-phago-		eating, devouring	Greek -φᾰ́γος (-phágos), eater of, eating	phagocyte
phagist-		Forms nouns that denote a person who 'feeds on' the first element or part of the word	Greek φαγιστής (phagistḗs) eater; see -phagia	Lotophagi
-phagy		Forms nouns that denotes 'feeding on' the first element or part of the word	Greek φαγία (phagia) eating; see -phagia	hematophagy
phall-		phallus	Greek φαλλός (phallós), penis	Aphallia
pharmac-		drug, medication	Greek φάρμᾰκον (phármakon), witchcraft, drug	pharmacology
pharyng-		of or pertaining to the pharynx, the upper throat cavity	Greek φᾰ́ρῠγξ, φαρυγγ- (phárunx, pharung-), throat, windpipe; chasm	pharyngitis, pharyngoscopy
-phil(ia)		attraction for	Greek φῐλῐ́ᾱ (philíā), friendship, love, affection	hemophilia
phleb-		of or pertaining to the (blood) veins, a vein	Greek φλέψ, φλεβ- (phléps, phleb-), blood-vessel, vein	phlebography, phlebotomy
-phobia		exaggerated fear, sensitivity, aversion	Greek φόβος (phóbos), terror, fear, flight, panic	arachnophobia
phon-		sound	Greek φωνή (phōnḗ)	phonograph, symphony
phos-		of or pertaining to light or its chemical properties, now historic and used rarely. See the common root phot- below.	Greek φῶς, φᾰ́ος, φωτ- (phôs, pháos), light	phosphene
phot-		of or pertaining to light	Greek φωτω- (phōtō-), < φῶς (phôs), light	photopathy
phren-, phrenic-		the mind	Greek φρήν (phrḗn), intellect, wits, mind	phrenic nerve, schizophrenia
phyllo-		leaf-like	Greek φῠ́λλον (phúllon), leaf, foliage, plant	phyllodes tumour, phyllotaxis
-phyte, phyto-		to grow	Greek φῠτόν (phutón), plant, tree	hydrophyte
-plasia		formation, development	Greek πλᾰ́σῐς (plásis), moulding, conformation	Achondroplasia
-plasty		surgical repair, reconstruction	Greek πλαστός (plastós), molded, formed	rhinoplasty
-plegia		paralysis	Greek πληγή (plēgḗ), stroke (from a sword), from πληγή (plēgḗ), to strike or smite	paraplegia
pleio-		more, excessive, multiple	Greek πλεῖον (pleîon), more	pleiomorphism
pleur-		of or pertaining to the ribs	Greek πλευρᾱ́ (pleurā́), rib, side of the body	Pleurogenous
-plexy		stroke or seizure	Greek πλήσσω, πλήσσειν (plḗssō, plḗssein), to strike or smite	Cataplexy

Affix	Mantrakshar	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
pne-, pneum-		air, breath, lung	Greek πνεῖν (pneîn), πνεῦμα, πνεύματος (pneûma, pneúmatos), πνεύμων (pneúmōn)	apnea, pneumatology, pneumonocyte, pneumonia
pre-		denotes something as 'before' another (in [physical] position or time)	Middle English pre-, from Medieval Latin pre- < (Classical) Latin prae-, before, in front of	premature birth
presby-		old age	Greek πρέσβυς (présbus), old man, elder	presbyopia, presbycusis[10]
prim-		denotes something as 'first' or 'most-important'	Latin prīmus, first, most important	primary
pro-		denotes something as 'before' another (in [physical] position or time)	Greek πρό- (pró-), before, in front of	procephalic
proct-		anus, rectum	Greek πρωκτός (prōktós), anus	proctology
prosop-		face	Greek πρόσωπον (prósōpon), face, visage, mask	prosopagnosia
prot-		denotes something as 'first' or 'most important'	Greek πρωτος (prōtos), first; principal, most important	protoneuron
pseud-		denotes something false or fake	Greek ψεύδω (pseúdō), to lie or deceive	pseudoephedrine
psor-		Itching	Greek ψώρα (psṓra), itch, mange, scurvy	psoriasis
psych-		of or pertaining to the mind	Greek ψυχή (psukhḗ), breath, life, soul	psychology, psychiatry
ptero-, ptery-		Pertaining to a wing; 'pterygo-', wing-shaped	Greek πτερόν (pterón), wing, feather	lateral pterygoid plate
-ptosis		falling, drooping, downward placement, prolapse	Greek πτῶσῐς (ptôsis), falling	apoptosis, nephroptosis
-ptyal-, ptyalo		saliva, salivary glands, sialaden		ptyalolithiasis
-ptysis		spitting	Greek πτῡ́ω (ptū́ō), to spit up, disgorge; + -σις (-sis), added to verb stems to form abstract nouns or nouns of action, result or process	hemoptysis, the spitting of blood derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes
py-		pus	Greek πύον (púon	pyometra
pyel-		pelvis	Greek πύελος (púelos), pelvis, wash basin	pyelonephritis
pykno-		to thicken (as the nucleus does in early stages of cell death)	Greek πύκνωσις (púknōsis), thickening	pyknosis
pylor-		gate	Greek πυλωρός (pulōrós), gate keeper; lower orifice of the stomach	pyloric sphincter
pyr-		fever	Greek πῦρ, πυρετός (pûr, puretós), fire, heat, fever	antipyretic
faci-		of or pertaining to the face	Latin faciēs, the face, countenance	facioplegic, facial
fibr-		fiber	Latin fibra, fiber, filament, entrails[2]	fibril, fibrin, fibrinous pericarditis, fibroblast, fibrosis
fil-		fine, hair-like	Latin fīlum, thread	filament, filum terminale
foramen		hole, opening, or aperture, particularly in bone	Latin forāmen	foramen magnum
-form		used to form adjectives indicating having the form of	Latin fōrma, form, shape	cruciform, cuneiform, falciform
fore-		before or ahead	Old English fōr(e)-, before, in front of	foregut, foreshadow
fossa		a hollow or depressed area; a trench or channel	Latin fossa, ditch, pit	fossa ovalis
front-		of or pertaining to the forehead	Latin frōns, front-, the forehead	frontonasal
Affix	Mantrakshar	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
bacillus		rod-shaped	Latin baculus, stick	Bacillus anthracis
bacteri-		Pertaining to bacteria	Latin (bacterium; Greek βακτήριον (baktḗrion), small staff	bacteriophage, bactericide
balan-		of the glans penis or glans clitoridis	Greek βάλανος (bálanos), acorn, glans	balanitis
bas-		of or pertaining to base	Greek βάσις (básis), foundation, base	basolateral
bi-		twice, double	Latin bi-	binary vision, bicycle, bisexual
bio-		life	Greek βίος (bíos)	biology, biological
blast-		germinate or bud	Greek βλαστός (blastós)	blastomere
blephar(o)-		of or pertaining to the eyelid	Greek βλέφαρον (blépharon), eyelid	blepharoplasty
brachi(o)-		of or relating to the arm	Latin (bracchium), from Greek βραχίων (brakhíōn), arm	brachium of inferior colliculus
brachy-		indicating 'short' or less commonly 'little'	Greek βραχύς (brakhús), short, little, shallow	brachycephalic
brady-		slow	Greek βραδύς (bradús), slow	bradycardia
bronch(i)-		of or relating to the bronchus	Latin (bronchus); Greek βρόγχος (brónkhos), windpipe	bronchitis, bronchiolitis obliterans
bucc(o)-		of or pertaining to the cheek	Latin bucca, cheek	buccolabial
burs(o)-		bursa (fluid sac between the bones)	Latin (bursa), purse; Greek βύρσα (búrsa), hide, wine-skin	bursa, bursitis
Affix	Mantrakshar	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
macr(o)-		large, long	Greek μᾰκρός (makrós), long, tall	macrophage
-malacia		softening	Greek μαλακία (malakía), soft, weak, self-indulgent	osteomalacia
mamm(o)-		of or pertaining to the breast	Latin mamma, breast, udder	mammogram
mammill(o)-		of or pertaining to the nipple	Latin mammilla, nipple	mammillaplasty, mammillitis
manu-		of or pertaining to the hand	Latin manus, hand	manufacture
mast(o)-		of or pertaining to the breast	Greek μαστός (mastós), breast, woman's breast, man's pectoral muscle	mastectomy
meg(a)-, megal(o)-, -megaly		enlargement, million	Greek μέγᾰς (mégas), big, large, great, mighty	splenomegaly, megameter
melan(o)-		having a black color	Greek μέλᾱς, μελανο- (mélās, melano-), black, dark	melanin
melos		extremity	Greek μέλος (mélos), part of a body, limb, member	erythromelalgia
mening(o)-		membrane	Greek μῆνῐγξ (mêninx)	meningitis
men-		month, menstrual cycle	Greek μήν (mḗn), month	menopause, menorrhagia
mer-		part	Greek μέρος (méros), part, component, region	merocrine, meroblastic
mes-		middle	Greek μέσος (mésos), middle, between, half	mesoderm
met, meta-		after, beside, beyond or change	Greek μετᾰ́ (metá), with, among, along with, in common with	metacarpal, metacarpus, metacromion, metanephros, metatheria
-meter		instrument used to measure or count	Greek μέτρον (métron), measure or property, something used to measure	sphygmomanometer, thermometer
-metry		process of measuring, -meter + -y (see -meter)	Greek μέτρον (métron)	optometry
metr-		pertaining to conditions or instruments of the uterus	Greek μήτρᾱ (mḗtrā), womb, uterus	metrorrhagia
micr-		millionth; denoting something as small, relating to smallness	Greek μῑκρός (mīkrós), small	microscope
milli-		thousandth	Latin mille, thousand	milliliter
mon-	1	single	Greek μονός (monós)	infectious mononucleosis
morph-		form, shape	Greek μορφή (morphḗ)	morphology
muscul(o)-		muscle	Latin mūsculus, muscle (lit. mouse-like, due to mouse-shaped appearance of some muscles; loanword from Greek μῦς (mûs), mouse, + Latin -culus, diminutive suffix)	musculoskeletal system
my(o)-		of or relating to muscle	Greek μῦς, μυ- (mûs, mu-), muscle, mouse, mussel	myoblast
myc(o)-		fungus	Greek μύκης, μυκητ-	onychomycosis
myel(o)-		of or relating to bone marrow or the spinal cord	Greek μυελός (muelós), marrow, bone-marrow	myelin sheath, myeloblast
myl(o)-		of or relating to molar teeth or the lower jaw	Greek μῠ́λη (múlē, mill, grind, molars	mylohyoid nerve
myri-		ten thousand	Greek μῡρῐ́ος (mūríos), innumerable, countless, infinite	myriad
myring(o)-		eardrum	Latin myringa, eardrum	myringotomy
myx(o)-		mucus	Greek μύξᾰ (múxa), mucus, nasal discharge	myxoma

Affix	Mantrakshar	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
radi-		radiation	Latin radiō, I radiate, emit beams; from radius, ray of light, spoke of a wheel	radiowave
radic-		referring to the beginning, or the root, of a structure, usually a nerve or a vein	Latin rādīx, root	radiculopathy
re-		again, back	Latin re-	relapse
rect-		rectum	abbr. of New Latin rectum intestinum ('straight intestine') < Latin rēctus, straight	rectal, rectum, rectus femoris
ren-		of or pertaining to the kidney	Latin rēn, rēnes, kidney	renal
reticul(o)-		net	Latin rēticulum	reticulocyte
retro-		backward, behind	Latin retro	retroversion, retroverted
rhabd(o)-		rod shaped, striated	Greek ῥᾰ́βδος (rhábdos), wand, stick, stripe	rhabdomyolysis
rhachi(o)-		spine	Greek ῥάχις (rhákhis), spine or backbone	rachial, rachialgia, rachidian, rachiopathy
rhin(o)-		of or pertaining to the nose	Greek ῥίς, ῥῑνο- (rhís, rhīno-), nose	rhinoceros, rhinoplasty
rhod(o)-		denoting a rose-red color	Greek ῥόδον (rhódon), rose	rhodophyte
-rrhage, -rrhagia		burst forth, rapid flow (of blood, usually)	Greek -ραγία (-ragía), to break, to burst	hemorrhage, menorrhagia
-rrhaphy		surgical suturing	Greek ῥαφή (rhaphḗ)	hymenorrhaphy, neurorrhaphy
-rrhea (AmE)		flowing, discharge	Greek ῥοίᾱ (rhoíā), flow, flux	galactorrhea, diarrhea
-rrhexis		rupture	Greek ῥῆξῐς (rhêxis), breaking, bursting, discharge	karyorrhexis
-rrhoea (BrE)		flowing, discharge	Greek ῥοίᾱ (rhoíā), flow, flux	diarrhoea
rubr(o)-		of or pertaining to the red nucleus of the brain	Latin ruber, red	rubrospinal
-rupt		break or burst	Latin rumpō	erupt, interrupt
Affix	Mantrakshar	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
labi-		of or pertaining to the lip	Latin labia, labium, lip	labiodental
lacrim(o)-		tear	Latin lacrima, tear from crying	Lacrimal canaliculi
lact(i)-, lact(o)		milk	Latin lac, milk	lactation
lapar(o)-		of or pertaining to the abdominal wall, flank	Greek λαπάρα (lapára), flank	laparotomy
laryng(o)-		of or pertaining to the larynx, the lower throat cavity where the voice box is	Greek λᾰ́ρυγξ, (lárunx), throat, gullet	larynx
latero-		lateral	Latin laterālis, lateral, of or belonging to the side	lateral pectoral nerve
lei(o)-		smooth	Greek λεῖος (leîos), smooth	leiomyoma
-lepsis, -lepsy		attack, seizure	Greek λῆψις (lêpsis), seizure	epilepsy, narcolepsy
lept(o)-		light, slender	Greek λεπτός (leptós), thin, lean	leptomeningeal
leuc(o)-, leuk(o)-		denoting a white color	Greek λευκός (leukós), white, bright, pale	leukocyte
lingu(a)-, lingu(o)-		of or pertaining to the tongue	Latin lingua, tongue, speech, language	linguistics
lip(o)-		fat	Greek λίπος (lípos), fat, lard	liposuction
liss(os)-		smooth	Greek Λισσός (Lissós), smooth	lissencephaly
lith(o)-		stone, calculus	Greek λῐ́θος (líthos)	lithotripsy
log(o)-		speech	Greek λόγος (lógos)	dialog, catalog, logos
-logist		denotes someone who studies a certain field (the field of _-logy); a specialist; one who treats	Greek λογιστής (logistḗs), studier, practitioner (lit., accountant)	oncologist, pathologist
-logy		denotes the academic study or practice of a certain field; the study of	Greek -λογῐ́ᾱ (-logíā) base noun for the study of something	hematology, urology
lumb(o)-, lumb(a)-		of or relating to the part of the trunk between the lowest ribs and the pelvis.	Latin lumbus or lumbaris, loin	lumbar vertebrae
lymph(o)-		lymph	Latin lympha, water	lymphedema
lys(o)-, -lytic		dissolution	Greek λῠ́σῐς (lúsis), loosen, release, + -ic	lysosome
-lysis		destruction, separation	Greek λῠ́σῐς (lúsis), loosen, release	paralysis
Affix	Mantrakshar	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
vagin-		of or pertaining to the vagina	Latin vāgīna, sheath, scabbard; vagina	vaginal epithelium
varic(o)-		swollen or twisted vein	Latin varix	varicose, esophageal varices
vas(o)-		duct, blood vessel	Latin vās, vessel, dish, vase	vasoconstriction
vasculo-		blood vessel	Latin vāsculum	cardiovascular
ven-		of or pertaining to the veins, venous blood, and the vascular system	Latin vēna, blood-vessel, vein	venule, venospasm
ventr(o)-		of or pertaining to the belly, the stomach cavities	Latin venter, belly, stomach, womb	ventrodorsal
ventricul(o)-		of or pertaining to the ventricles; any hollow region inside an organ	Latin ventriculus, the ventricles of the heart, the ventricles of the brain	cardiac ventriculography, atrioventricular node
-version		turning	Latin versiō	anteversion, retroversion
vesic(o)-		of or pertaining to the bladder	Latin vēsīca, bladder, blister	vesical arteries
viscer(o)-		of or pertaining to the internal organs, the viscera	Latin viscus (pl. viscera), internal organ(s)	viscera
Affix	Mantrakshar	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
salping(o)-		of or pertaining to tubes, e.g. Fallopian tubes	Greek σᾰ́λπῐγξ, σαλπιγγ-, (sálpinx, salping-), trumpet	salpingectomy, salpingopharyngeus muscle
sangui-, sanguine-		of or pertaining to blood	Latin sanguis, blood	sanguine
sapro-		relating to putrefaction or decay.	Greek sapros ‘putrid'	saprogenic
sarco-		muscular, flesh-like	Greek σάρξ (sárx), flesh	sarcoma, sarcoidosis
semi-		one-half, partly	Latin semi-	semiconscious
sial(o)-		saliva, salivary gland	Latin salīva, saliva.	sialagogue
sigmoid(o)-	S	sigmoid, S-shaped curvature	Greek σιγμοειδής (sigmoeidḗs), crescent-shaped, lunate sigma-shaped	sigmoid colon
sinistr(o)-		left, left side	Latin sinister
sinus-		of or pertaining to the sinus	Latin sinus, a curve, bend, hollow cavity, bosom	sinusitis
sito-		food, grain	Greek σῖτος (sîtos)	sitophobia
somat(o)-, somatico-		body, bodily	Greek σῶμα (sôma)	somatic
somn(o)		Sleep	Latin somnus, sleep, drowsiness	insomniac
sub-		beneath, under	Latin sub	subcutaneous tissue
super-		in excess, above, superior	Latin super	superior vena cava
supra-		above, excessive	Latin supra	supraorbital vein
sy, syl-, sym-, syn-, sys-		indicates similarity, likeness, or being together; assimilates before some consonants: before l to syl-, s to sys-, before a labial consonant to sym-	Greek σῠν- (sun-), with, together	symptom, synalgia, synesthesia, syssarcosis
schist(o)-		split, cleft	Greek σχῐστός (skhistós), cloven, divided	schistocyte
schiz(o)-		denoting something split or double-sided	Greek σχῐ́ζω (skhízō), I split, cleave, part; irregular formation of the verb σχῐ́ζειν (skhízein), to cut, split	schizophrenia
scler(o)-		hard	Greek σκληρός (sklērós)	scleroderma
-sclerosis		hardening	Greek σκληρός (sklērós), hard, harden; + -σῐς (-sis), added to verb stems to form abstract nouns or nouns of action, result or process	atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis
scoli(o)-		twisted	Greek σκολιός (skoliós), curved, bent	scoliosis
-scope		instrument for viewing	Greek σκόπος (skópos), watcher	stethoscope
-scopy		process of viewing	Greek σκοπέω (skopéō), to look at, behold, examine	endoscopy
scoto-		darkness	Greek σκότος (skótos)	scotopic vision
-spadias		slit, fissure	Greek σπάω (spáō), break, split	hypospadias, epispadias
spasmo-		spasm	Greek σπασμός (spasmós)	Spasmodic dysphonia
sperma-, spermo-, spermato-		semen, spermatozoa	Greek σπέρμα (spérma), seed, semen	spermatogenesis
splanchn(i)-, splanchn(o)-		viscera	Greek σπλᾰ́γχνον (splánkhnon), bowels, guts	splanchnology
splen(o)-		spleen	Greek σπλήν, σπλην- (splḗn, splēn-), spleen, milt	splenectomy
spondyl(o)-		of or pertaining to the spine, the vertebra	Greek σφόνδῠλος / σπόνδυλος (sphóndulos, spóndulos), the spine	spondylitis
squamos(o)-		denoting something as full of scales or scaly	Latin squāmōsus, full of scales, scaly	squamous cell
stalsis		contraction	Greek στέλλω (stéllō), I dispatch, place, set	peristalsis
-stasis		stopping, standing	Greek στᾰ́σῐς (stásis), to stand, place, set	cytostasis, homeostasis
-staxis		dripping, trickling	Greek στάζω, στακτός (stázō, staktós), drip, leak, trickle
sten(o)-		denoting something as narrow in shape or pertaining to narrowness	Greek στενός (stenós), narrow, short	stenography
-stenosis		abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel or other tubular organ or structure	Greek στενός (stenós), narrow, short; + -σῐς (-sis), added to verb stems to form abstract nouns or nouns of action, result or process	restenosis, stenosis
steth-		of or pertaining to the upper chest, the area above the breast and under the neck	Greek στῆθος (stêthos), chest, cuirass	stethoscope
stheno-		strength, force, power	Greek σθένος (sthénos)
stom-, stomat-		of or pertaining to the mouth; an artificially created opening[12]	Greek στόμᾰ, στοματ- (stóma, stomat-), mouth	stomatogastric, stomatognathic system
-stomy		creation of an opening	New Latin stoma, opening; from Greek στόμᾰ (stóma)	colostomy
Affix	Mantrakshar	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
halluc-		to wander in mind	Latin ālūcinor, to wander in mind	hallucinosis, hallucination
hem(at)-, haem(ato)-		of or pertaining to blood	Latin hæma[citation needed], from Greek αἷμα, αἱματ- (grc), blood	hematology, older form haematology
hema-, hemo-		blood (AmE)	Greek αἷμα, (grc), blood	hemal, hemoglobin
hemangi(o)-		blood vessels	Greek αἷμα, (grc), blood, + ἀγγεῖον (angeîon), vessel, urn	hemangioma
hemi-	1/2	one-half	Greek ἡμι- (hēmi-), half	cerebral hemisphere
hepat-, hepatic-		of or pertaining to the liver	Greek ἧπαρ, ἠπᾰτ- (hêpar, ēpat-), the liver	hepatology, hepatitis
heter(o)-		denotes something as the other (of two), as an addition, or different	Greek ἕτερος (héteros), the other (of two), another; different	heterogeneous
hidr(o)-		sweat	Greek ἱδρώς, ἱδρωτ- (hidrṓs, hidrōt-), sweat, perspiration	hyperhidrosis
hist(o)-, histio-		tissue	Greek ἱστός (histós), web, tissue	histology
home(o)-		similar	Greek ὅμοιος (homoios), like, resembling, similar	homeopathy
hom(o)-		denotes something as the same as another or common	Greek ὁμός (homós), the same, common	homosexuality, homozygote, homophobic
humer(o)-		of or pertaining to the shoulder (or [rarely] the upper arm)	Latin umerus, shoulder	humerus
hydr(o)-		water	Greek ὕδωρ (húdōr), water	hydrophobe, hydrogen
hyper-		extreme or beyond normal	Greek ὑπέρ (hupér), over, above; beyond, to the extreme	hypertension, hypertrichosis
hyp(o)-		below normal	Greek ὑπό, ὑπο- (hupó), below, under	hypovolemia, hypoxia
hyster(o)-		of or pertaining to the womb or the uterus	Greek ὑστέρα (hustéra), womb	hysterectomy, hysteria
Affix	Mantrakshar	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
xanth(o)-		having a yellow color, especially an abnormally yellow color	Greek ξᾰνθός (xanthós), yellow	xanthopathy,xanthelasma
xen(o)-		foreign, different	Greek ξένος (xénos), foreign, stranger	xenograft
xer(o)-		dry, desert-like	Greek ξηρός (xērós), dry	xerostomia, xeroderma
xiph-		sword	Greek ξῐ́φος (xíphos), sword	xiphisternum, xiphoid, xiphoidalgia
-y		condition or process of	Latin -ia, from Greek -ῐ́ᾱ, -ειᾰ (-íā, -eia), suffixes used to form abstract nouns	surgery
ze-		boil	Greek ζέω (zéō), to boil, seethe, bubble	eczema
zo(o)-		animal, animal life	Greek ζῷον (zôion)	zoology
zym(o)-		fermentation	Greek ζύμη (zúmē), leaven, yeast	enzyme, lysozyme