VERB

From Mantropedia

A verb, from the Latin verbum meaning word, is a word (part of speech) that in syntax conveys an action (bring, read, walk, run, learn), an occurrence (happen, become), or a state of being (be, exist, stand). In the usual description of English, the basic form, with or without the particle to, is the infinitive. In many languages, verbs are inflected (modified in form) to encode tense, aspect, mood, and voice. A verb may also agree with the person, gender or number of some of its arguments, such as its subject, or object. Verbs have tenses: present, to indicate that an action is being carried out; past, to indicate that an action has been done; future, to indicate that an action will be done.

In Hindi verbs are inflected basing upon gender, person, number, tense, mood, and aspect. There are three tenses – past, present and future (some linguists include the subjunctive mood in the tenses); three moods - imperative, indicative, and subjective; two aspects: imperfective and perfective. In sentence structuring the verb always comes at the end.

For verbs in other languages

• Verbs or actions
  • speech parts
    • Auxiliary Verbs
    • Participle
    • COPULA
  • based on logic
    • LOGICAL ACTIONS
    • RELATION OF ACTION. III
  • based on agent
    • Valency
    • active agent or doer
      • CORPOREAL ACTIONS
      • MOTION
      • SPIRITUAL ACTION
      • OPERATION
    • passive agent or patient
  • based on function
    • Grammatical TENSE
      • past
      • present
      • future
    • Aspect
      • simple
      • progressive or continuous
      • perfect
      • perfect progressive
    • Mood
      • realis mood
        • Indicative or evidential mood
      • irrealis mood
        • Subjunctive or conjunctive mood
          • Opinion
          • Emotion
          • Request ( polite )
        • Conditional mood
        • Optative mood
          • Hopes
          • Wishes
          • Commands
        • Imperative mood
          • Prohibition
          • Request
          • Direct command
        • Jussive mood
        • Potential mood
        • Presumptive mood
        • Hypothetical mood
        • Inferential mood
        • Interrogative mood
    • Secondary mood
      • Power
        • Can 〈☐〉
        • Could 〈☐〉
      • Liberty
        • May 〈☐〉
        • Might 〈☐〉
      • Will
        • Will 〈☐〉
        • Would 〈☐〉
      • Necessity
        • Must, shall 〈☐〉
        • Must, should 〈☐〉
    • voice
      • direct speech or active voice
      • indirect speech or passive voice

Verbs vary by type, and each type is determined by the kinds of words that accompany it and the relationship those words have with the verb itself. Classified by the number of their valency arguments, usually three basic types are distinguished: intransitives, transitives, ditransitives and double transitive verbs. Some verbs have special grammatical uses and hence complements, such as copular verbs (i.e., be); the verb “do” used for do-support in questioning and negation, and tense or aspect auxiliaries, e.g., “be”, “have” or “can”. In addition, verbs can be nonfinite, namely, not inflected for tense, and have various special forms such as infinitives, participles or gerunds.

Intransitive verbs (असकर्मक क्रिया मे कर्म नही होता, कर्ता का काम का प्रभाव किसी दूसरे पे नही पङता, स्वयं पर पङता है उसे असकर्मक क्रिया कहते है। ) An intransitive verb is one that does not have a direct object. Intransitive verbs may be followed by an adverb (a word that addresses how, where, when, and how often) or end a sentence. For example:

• “The woman spoke softly.”
• “The athlete ran faster than the official.”
• “The boy wept.”
• Kids are crying. (बच्चे रो रहे हैं।) - Bacche ro rhe hai.
• Ranjan is playing. (रंजन खेल रहा है।) - Ranjan khel raha hai
• Mohan is sleeping. (मोहन सो रहा है।) - Mohann so rha hai.

Transitive verbs (सकर्मक क्रिया: सकर्मक क्रिया मे कर्ता (काम करने वाला व्यक्ति) के काम का प्रभाव दूसरे व्यक्ति पर पङता है उसे सकर्मक क्रिया कहते है।) A transitive verb is followed by a noun or noun phrase. These noun phrases are not called predicate nouns, but are instead called direct objects because they refer to the object that is being acted upon. For example:

• “My friend read the newspaper.”
• “The teenager earned a speeding ticket.”
• Ram is reading news paper. (राम समाचार पत्र पढ़ रहा है।) - Ram samachar patra pad rahha hai.
• Sita is going to market. (सीता बाजार जा रही है।) - Sita bazaar ja rhi hai.
• Johnson is playing cricket. (जॉनसन क्रिकेट खेल रहा है।) - Johnson cricket khel raha hai.

A way to identify a transitive verb is to invert the sentence, making it passive. For example:

• “The newspaper was read by my friend.”
• “A speeding ticket was earned by the teenager.”

Ditransitive verbs Ditransitive verbs (sometimes called Vg verbs after the verb give) precede either two noun phrases or a noun phrase and then a prepositional phrase often led by to or for. For example:

• “The players gave their teammates high fives.”
• “The players gave high fives to their teammates.”

When two noun phrases follow a transitive verb, the first is an indirect object, that which is receiving something, and the second is a direct object, that being acted upon. Indirect objects can be noun phrases or prepositional phrases.

Double transitive verbs Double transitive verbs (sometimes called Vc verbs after the verb consider) are followed by a noun phrase that serves as a direct object and then a second noun phrase, adjective, or infinitive phrase. The second element (noun phrase, adjective, or infinitive) is called a complement, which completes a clause that would not otherwise have the same meaning. For example:

• “The young couple considers the neighbors wealthy people.”
• “Some students perceive adults quite inaccurately.”
• “Sarah deemed her project to be the hardest she has ever completed.”

Copular verbs Copular verbs (a.k.a. linking verbs) can't be followed by an adverb or end a sentence, but instead must be followed by a noun or adjective, whether in a single word or phrase. Common copulae include be, seem, become, appear, look, and remain. For example:

• “His mother looked worried.”
• “Josh remained a reliable friend.”

Copulae are thought to 'link' the adjective or noun to the subject.

The copular verb be is manifested in eight forms: be, is, am, are, was, were, been, and being in English. These verbs precede nouns or adjectives in a sentence, which become predicate nouns and predicate adjectives similar to those that function with a linking verb. They can also be followed by an adverb of place, which is sometimes referred to as a predicate adverb. For example:

• “Her daughter was a writing tutor.”
• “The singers were very nervous.”
• “My house is down the street.”

TAM covers the expression of three major components of words which lead to or assist with a correct understanding of the speaker's meaning:

• Tense—the location of the state or action in time, that is whether it is in the past, present or future.
  • Tense marker. (i.e., है /hai/ and था /tha/ — the present and past tense markers; forms of the verb होना /hona/ — to be). These come at the end of the verbal phrase. E.g., मैं जाता हूँ । तुम खा रहे थे |
• Aspect—the extension of the state or action in time, that is whether it is unitary (perfective), continuous or repeated (imperfective).
  • Aspect-marking verb. The verb रहना /rehna/ indicates the continuous or progressive aspect. It comes just before the tense marker. E.g., आप लिख रहे हैं ।
• Mood or Modality—the reality of the state or action, that is whether it is actual (realis), a possibility or a necessity (irrealis).
  • Modal verb. These include a variety of verb to express the mood or viewpoint of the speaker. E.g., पड़ना /parhna/ and होना /hona/ denote compulsion or requirement, चाहिये /Chahiye/ (not conjugated) denotes advice or need, चुकना /tʃuknaː/ indicates completeness of action — the perfective, पाना /pana/ and सकना /sakna/ indicate capability. E.g., उसे एक लाख रुपये ख़र्च करने पड़े ।

For example in English the word “walk” would be used in different ways for the different combinations of TAM:

• Tense: He walked (past), He walks (present), He will walk (future).
• Aspect: He walked (unitary), He was walking (continuous), He used to walk (repeated).
• Mood: I can walk (possibility), Walk faster! (necessity).

The voice of a verb expresses whether the subject of the verb is performing the action of the verb or whether the action is being performed on the subject. The two most common voices are the active voice (as in “I saw the car”) and the passive voice (as in “The car was seen by me” or simply “The car was seen”).

Main article: Non-finite verb Most languages have a number of verbal nouns that describe the action of the verb.

Voice-marking verb. E.g., the verb जाना /jana/; किताब पढ़ी जाती है, indicating the passive voice.

1. selfless action without external force
2. Desire to do
3. causing to do
4. action done in the past
5. action doing in the present
6. action doing in the future
7. wishful thinking of action

SEE ALSO

• Auxiliary Verbs
• Mood
• Valency
• Tense

• VERBS ETYMOLOGY
• Verb Morphology
• VERBS ETYMOLOGY
• VERB