| Disease | Etymology and Synonyms | Etiology | Radiological Signs | Investigations | Drug of Choice | Investigation of Choice | Signs and Symptoms |
| Alzheimer's Disease | Named after Alois Alzheimer | Neurodegenerative disease | Brain atrophy, amyloid plaques | MRI, PET scan | Cholinesterase inhibitors, memantine | Neuropsychological testing | Memory loss, cognitive decline |
| Addison's Disease | Named after Thomas Addison | Adrenal insufficiency | Adrenal gland atrophy | Blood tests (cortisol, ACTH) | Corticosteroids | Blood tests | Fatigue, weakness, weight loss |
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) | Also known as Lou Gehrig's disease | Neurodegenerative disease | Muscle atrophy | EMG, nerve conduction studies | Riluzole | Neurological examination | Muscle weakness, difficulty speaking |
| Ankylosing Spondylitis | Named after Pierre Marie and Pierre Bertolotti | Inflammatory disease | Fusion of vertebrae | X-rays, MRI | NSAIDs, TNF inhibitors | Blood tests (HLA-B27) | Back pain, stiffness, fatigue |
| Ataxia-Telangiectasia | Named after Pierre Marie and Pierre Bertolotti | Neurodegenerative disease | Cerebellar atrophy, telangiectasias | Genetic testing, MRI | No cure | Neurological examination | Muscle coordination problems, slurred speech |
| Bell's Palsy | Named after Sir Charles Bell | Facial nerve paralysis | Facial asymmetry | EMG | Corticosteroids | Neurological examination | Facial weakness, drooping |
| Cushing's Syndrome | Named after Harvey Cushing | Excess cortisol production | Moon face, buffalo hump | Blood tests (cortisol, ACTH) | Surgery, medication | Blood tests | Weight gain, fatigue, high blood pressure |
| Crohn's Disease | Named after Burrill Crohn | Inflammatory bowel disease | Thickened intestinal walls | Colonoscopy, endoscopy | Anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressants | Stool sample, blood tests | Abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss |
| Down Syndrome | Named after John Langdon Down | Genetic disorder | Extra chromosome 21 | Genetic testing | No cure | Physical examination | Delayed development, distinctive facial features |
| Huntington's Disease | Named after George Huntington | Neurodegenerative disease | Cerebral atrophy | Genetic testing | No cure | Family history, neurological examination | Involuntary movements, cognitive decline |
| Kawasaki Disease | Named after Tomisaku Kawasaki | Vasculitis | Inflammation of blood vessels | Echocardiogram, blood tests | Immunoglobulin therapy, aspirin | Blood tests | Fever, rash, swollen lymph nodes |
| Klinefelter Syndrome | Named after Harry Klinefelter | Genetic disorder | Extra X chromosome | Genetic testing | Hormone therapy | Physical examination | Infertility, tall stature |
| Marfan Syndrome | Named after Antoine Marfan | Connective tissue disorder | Long limbs, heart defects | Genetic testing, echocardiogram | Medication for heart problems | Physical examination | Tall stature, joint pain |
| Meniere's Disease | Named after Prosper Meniere | Inner ear disorder | Increased fluid pressure in inner ear | Audiogram, MRI | Diuretics, antihistamines | Physical examination | Vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss |
| Multiple Sclerosis (MS) | Named after Jean-Martin Charcot | Autoimmune disease | Inflammation of myelin sheath | MRI, lumbar puncture | Disease-modifying drugs | Neurological examination | Weakness, fatigue, vision problems |
| Parkinson's Disease | Named after James Parkinson | Neurodegenerative disease | Dopamine deficiency | MRI, PET scan | Levodopa-carbidopa, dopamine agonists | Neurological examination | Tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia |
| Raynaud's Phenomenon | Named after Maurice Raynaud | Vasospasm | Cold fingers and toes | Physical examination | Calcium channel blockers, alpha-blockers | Physical examination | Numbness, tingling, color changes |
| Sjogren's Syndrome | Named after Henrik Sjogren | Autoimmune disease | Dry eyes and mouth | Blood tests, salivary gland biopsy | Artificial tears, medications | Blood tests | Dry eyes, dry mouth, joint pain |
| Turner Syndrome | Named after Henry Turner | Genetic disorder | Missing X chromosome | Genetic testing | Hormone therapy | Physical examination | Short stature, infertility |
| Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome | Named after Carl Wernicke and Sergei Korsakoff | Brain disorder due to thiamine deficiency | Brain damage | Blood tests (thiamine levels) | Thiamine supplementation | Neurological examination | Confusion, memory loss |
| Celiac Disease | Named after Theophilus von Trümpner | Autoimmune disease | Damage to small intestine | Blood tests (antibodies), endoscopy | Gluten-free diet | Blood tests | Abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss |
| Graves' Disease | Named after James Graves | Hyperthyroidism | Enlarged thyroid gland | Blood tests (thyroid hormones) | Antithyroid medications, surgery | Blood tests | Weight loss, anxiety, rapid heartbeat |
| Lyme Disease | Named after Lyme, Connecticut | Tick-borne illness | Erythema migrans rash | Blood tests (antibodies) | Antibiotics | Blood tests | Fever, fatigue, joint pain |
| Pernicious Anemia | Named after Thomas Addison | Vitamin B12 deficiency | Megaloblastic anemia | Blood tests (vitamin B12 levels) | Vitamin B12 injections | Blood tests | Fatigue, weakness, tingling |
| Pituitary Dwarfism | Caused by a deficiency in growth hormone | Hormonal disorder | Short stature, delayed puberty | Blood tests (growth hormone levels) | Growth hormone therapy | Blood tests | Short stature, delayed puberty |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | Named after Alfred Garrod | Autoimmune disease | Joint inflammation | X-rays, blood tests | Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) | Blood tests | Joint pain, stiffness, swelling |
| Sickle Cell Disease | Named after the shape of red blood cells | Genetic disorder | Sickle-shaped red blood cells | Blood tests | Pain management, blood transfusions | Blood tests | Painful crises, anemia |
| Tay-Sachs Disease | Named after Warren Tay and Bernard Sachs | Neurodegenerative disease | Cherry-red spot on retina | Genetic testing | No cure | Neurological examination | Delayed development, seizures |
| Tourette Syndrome | Named after Georges Gilles de la Tourette | Neurological disorder | Tics | Neurological examination | Medications | Neurological examination | Tics, vocalizations, compulsions |
| Von Willebrand Disease | Named after Erik von Willebrand | Bleeding disorder | Excessive bleeding | Blood tests (vWF levels) | Desmopressin, factor VIII | Blood tests | Easy bleeding, nosebleeds |
| Bipolar Disorder | Named after Emil Kraepelin | Mental health disorder | Mood swings | Psychiatric evaluation | Mood stabilizers, antidepressants | Psychiatric evaluation | Mania, depression |
| Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | Named after Bruce W. Hyams | Chronic fatigue | Fatigue, cognitive problems | Blood tests (to rule out other conditions) | Symptom management | Blood tests | Fatigue, brain fog, sleep problems |
| Fibromyalgia | Named after James F. Fibiger and Russell L. Mold | Chronic pain syndrome | Widespread pain | Physical examination | Pain management, antidepressants | Physical examination | Widespread pain, fatigue |
| Gout | Named after the Greek word “gout” (meaning “drop”) | Inflammatory disease | Joint inflammation | Blood tests (uric acid levels) | NSAIDs, allopurinol | Blood tests | Joint pain, swelling, redness |
| Osteoporosis | Named after the Greek words “osteon” (bone) and “porosis” (porous) | Bone disease | Decreased bone density | Bone density scan | Calcium, vitamin D supplements | Bone density scan | Increased risk of fractures |
| Pancreatitis | Named after the Greek word “pancreas” (meaning “all flesh”) | Inflammation of the pancreas | Abdominal pain, nausea | Blood tests (lipase, amylase) | IV fluids, pain management | Blood tests | Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting |
| Pneumonia | Named after the Greek word “pneumon” (meaning “lung”) | Lung inflammation | Chest X-ray | Blood tests, sputum culture | Antibiotics | Chest X-ray | Cough, fever, shortness of breath |
| Schizophrenia | Named after the Greek words “schizo” (meaning “split”) and “phren” (meaning “mind”) | Mental health disorder | Delusions, hallucinations | Psychiatric evaluation | Antipsychotic medications | Psychiatric evaluation | Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thoughts |
| Seizure Disorder | Also known as epilepsy | Neurological disorder | Seizures | EEG | Anticonvulsant medications | EEG | Seizures, loss of consciousness |
| Stroke | Also known as cerebrovascular accident (CVA) | Brain damage due to blood clot or bleeding | Weakness or numbness on one side of the body | CT scan, MRI | Blood thinners, rehabilitation | CT scan, MRI | Weakness, numbness, difficulty speaking |
| Thyroiditis | Named after the Greek word “thyreos” (meaning “shield”) | Inflammation of the thyroid gland | Enlarged thyroid gland | Blood tests (thyroid hormones) | Medication, surgery | Blood tests | Fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance |
| Ulcerative Colitis | Named after the Latin words “ulcer” (meaning “sore”) and “colitis” (meaning “inflammation of the colon”) | Inflammatory bowel disease | Ulcers in the colon | Colonoscopy | Anti-inflammatory drugs | Ulcerative Colitis | Named after the Latin words “ulcer” (meaning “sore”) and “colitis” (meaning “inflammation of the colon”) |
Discussion