LINGUISTIC COMPOUNDS

• mixed and compound ; either that which (for the most part) doth consist of several letters, pronounced in one continued motion, or of more Vowels coalescing in one sound.
  • dual or triple Written Alphabets being compounded in the form as joined integrals
    • DIPHTHONG. , semivowels
    • Conjuncts , ligature , digraph , trigraph , consonant stress and pronunciation in combined form
  • dual or triple Written strokes being compounded in Integral forms
    • Semantograms
  • written alphabets being compounded in the form as independent compounds , written separately but without space
    • smaller compounds which form some parts of word
      • SYLLABLE.
        • morpheme
        • Root Word , The most basic form of a word that carries the core meaning. It cannot be broken down further into smaller meaningful units.
          • Stem words
          • forms taken by a single root word
            • lexeme
              • Inflection
    • Larger compounds which form the elements of a linguistic chain
      • Words
  • Semantographic compounds
    • which are formed from two or three semantograms

• content words
• root morpheme
• Free morphemes can function independently as words (e.g. town, dog) and can appear within lexemes (e.g. town hall, doghouse).
• Bound morphemes appear only as parts of words, always in conjunction with a root and sometimes with other bound morphemes.
  • Cranberry morpheme
  • Zero-bound-morpheme
  • Derivational bound morphemes
    • Derivational morphemes, when combined with a root, change the semantic meaning or the part of speech of the affected word.
      • from an adjective (happy) to a noun (happiness)
      • -tion, -sion, -tive, -ation, -ible,
  • Inflectional bound morphemes
    • Inflectional morphemes modify the tense, aspect, mood, person, or number of a verb or the number, grammatical gender, or case of a noun, adjective, or pronoun without affecting the word's meaning or class (part of speech).
      • -ing.
    • functional morphemes, also sometimes referred to as functors

Derivational morphology often involves the addition of a derivational suffix or other affix. Such an affix usually applies to words of one lexical category (part of speech) and changes them into words of another such category. For example, one effect of the English derivational suffix -ly is to change an adjective into an adverb (slow → slowly).

Here are examples of English derivational patterns and their suffixes:

• adjective-to-noun: -ness (slow → slowness)
• adjective-to-verb: -en (weak → weaken)
• adjective-to-adjective: -ish (red → reddish)
• adjective-to-adverb: -ly (personal → personally)
• noun-to-adjective: -al (recreation → recreational)
• noun-to-verb: -fy (glory → glorify)
• verb-to-adjective: -able (drink → drinkable)
• verb-to-noun (abstract): -ance (deliver → deliverance)
• verb-to-noun (agent): -er (write → writer)

Derivation can be contrasted with inflection, in that derivation produces a new word (a distinct lexeme), whereas inflection produces grammatical variants (or forms) of the same word.

• A non-exhaustive list of derivational morphemes in English: -ful, -able, im-, un-, -ing, -er
• A non-exhaustive list of inflectional morphemes in English: -er, -est, -ing, -en, -ed, -s

In linguistics, a compound is a lexeme (less precisely, a word or sign) that consists of more than one stem. Compounding, composition or nominal composition is the process of word formation that creates compound lexemes. Compounding occurs when two or more words or signs are joined to make a longer word or sign. If the joining of the words or signs is orthographically represented with a hyphen, the result is a hyphenated compound (e.g., must-have, hunter-gatherer). If they are joined without an intervening space, it is a closed compound (e.g., footpath, blackbird). If they are joined with a space (e.g. school bus, high school, lowest common denominator), then the result – at least in English[1] – may be an open compound.

Compounding extends beyond spoken languages to include Sign languages as well, where compounds are also created by combining two or more sign stems.

• Semantic classification , A common semantic classification of compounds yields four types:
  • endocentric , An endocentric compound (tatpuruṣa in the Sanskrit tradition)
    • consists of a head, i.e. the categorical part that contains the basic meaning of the whole compound, and modifiers, which restrict this meaning
  • exocentric , An exocentric compound (bahuvrihi in the Sanskrit tradition)
  • copulative
  • appositional