RADIOLOGY
- X rays
- high density tissues
- absorb x rays
- radio-opaque
- cast a white shadow
- like
- bone
- calcium rich tissues
- low density tissues
- transmit x rays without absorption
- radio-lucent or radio translucent
- depending on the gray scale of absorption of different materials
- black shadows
- grey shadows
- like soft tissues which contain
- Formation of Human X ray image
- Parts present behind bone
- gets minimal exposure to x rays
- Properties of X rays
- Penetration
- photographic property
- bromium salt
- applied as an emulsion on x ray film
- film
- procedure is called radiography
- photo or film is called skiagram( shadow writing) or radiogram
- fluorescence property
- light waves are produced when x rays strike
- phosphorous salts
- biological properties
- can destroy abnormal cells
- without destroying normal cells to a certain degree
- Radiographic views of a photo
- anteroposterior view
- X ray tube placed anteriorly
- X ray film placed posteriorly
- uses
- in abdomen kidneys and lumbar vertebra are more posteriorly
- AP view used
- posteroanterior view
- X ray tube placed posteriorly
- X ray film placed anteriorly
- uses
- in heart is more anteriorly hence
- PA view is used
- Lateral view
- Right lateral or left lateral x ray tube
- X ray film lateral
- Oblique view
- Radiological appearances
- Bones
- white shadow
- homogenous
- compact bone
- inner and outer tables of skull
- irregular
- represent lamellae
- spongy bone
- middle table of skull
- cancellous bone
- grey shadow
- medullary cavity
- CONTRAST RADIOGRAPHY
- for digestive system
- barium swallow
- esophagus
- barium meal
- barium meal follow
- barium enema
- for salivary ducts
- sialography
- for extrahepatic bilary apparatus
- cholecystography
- for tracheobronchial tree
- bronchography
- for urinary system
- descending and ascending pyelography
- for female reproductive system
- hysterosalpingography
- for subarchnoid space around spinal cord
- myelography
- for ventricles of brain
- ventriculography
- for vessels
- angiography
- arteriography
- aortography
- cerebral angiography
- carotid angiography
- coronary angiography
- pulmonary angiography
- renal angiography
- ophthalmic
- fluorescent angiography
- venography
- lymphangiography
- CRITERIA
- PRE PROTOCOL
- allergy to medicines
- CONTRAST MEDIUM
- criteria for selection
- easily available
- non toxic
- types
- barium sulfate
- sodium iodide
- fluoroscopy
- mammography
- types
- positron emission mammography
- principle
- gamma radiation
- types based on photo
- screening mammogram
- diagnostic mammogram
- ultrasound
- principle
- form of energy in the for of waves
- not audible are called ultrasound waves
- types
- doppler ultrasonography
- types
- transcranial doppler
- doppler echocardiography
- uses
- non functional valves of veins
- varicose veins
- saphenofemoral junction reflux
- decreased blood flow
- blood clots
- deep vein thrombosis
- stenosis
- peripheral arterial disease
- aneurysm
- 3D and 4D ultrasound
- instrument
- wave producer or ultrasound transducer
- types
- surface
- internal
- process
- wave produced by transducer
- penetrate soft tissues
- reflected back as echoes
- received by transducer
- recorded
- displayed as
- sonogram
- NEW IMAGING TECHNIQUES
- TOMOGRAPHY
- COMPUTED AXIAL TOMOGRAPHY
- OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY
- CONTRAST COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
- POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY
- MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OR NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE
- principles
- Appearance
- fat , subcutaneous tissue appears as
- white shadows
- bone appears as
- dark shadows or black shadow
- soft tissues appearance
- vary depending upon procedure
- based on procedure
- T1 and T2 weighted MRI
- advantages
- edema or hemorrhage
- Investigation of choice in Multiple sclerosis
- CONTRAST MRI
- MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY
- FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
Discussion