• Dominant x recessive
• Mongenic x polygenic
• Gene locus x translocation of gene
• Normal location x transposition
• Copying or.cheating x self writing or sincere
• Writing x erasing
• Coding x decoding
• Translation x transliteration
• Dividing x combining or forming
• Separation x mixing
• Cutting x joining
• Separation of dna strands x mixing of dna strands

• sensitive x specific
• Antibiotic sensitivity x antibiotic resistance
• Susceltibility of bacteria to antibiotics x resistance of bacteria to antibiotics
• True positive x true negative (with disease )
• True x false (lie)
• Correction x error
• respond to many x respond to only one
• responsive x non responsive
• looking back X Looking forward
• looking back from effect to cause X Looking forward from cause to effect
• retrospective study X prospective study
• blind trials X Visible proof or proven
• morbidity x health
• morbidity indicator x health indicator or qualties of life
• mortality x life
• men x women
• young x old
• cause x effect
• exposure x outcome
• risk x disease
• unknown x known
• invisible case (subclinical case) x visible case (clinical case)
• large x small
• population (large group of people) X smaller group of people(focus)
• normal person x abnormal person
• normal person or healthy person X abnormal person (ill or diseased person) or case

DECREASE(GOING AWAY) OR LEFT X RIGHT (GOING RIGHT IN FORWARD DIRECTION) LOSSES X GAINERS

• FLUID PHYSIOLOGY
• colloid osmotic pressure or oncotic pressure X Hydrostatic pressure (pressure of blood against wall - static fluid pressure)I
• Inside X outside
• Inside fluid (intracellular fluid) X extracellular fluid (Outside fluid)
• Dilute(inside) X Concentrated (outside)
• concentrated(inside) X Dilute(outside)
• low concentration of electrolytes X HIGH concentration of electrolytes
• POTENTIAL
• water potential (potential energy of water) X kinetic energy of water
• Charge potential of cell(membrane potential inside cell) X membrane potential outside cell(charge potential of outside fluid
• resting membrane potential X Dynamic changes in potential

• hypertonic solution X hypotonic solution (both terms are unequal but it is differentiated on the basis of movement of water from cells)

• Soluble X Insoluble
• hydrophilic(water loving) X hydrophobic(water hating or fearing)
• lipophilic X Lipophobic
• hemophilic x hemophobic

• chromophobe cells include basophils and eosinophils

• BASOPHILIC X ACIDOPHILIC
• BASE LOVER X ACID LOVER
• NEUTROPHIL = NEUTRAL LOVER (both granules present)
• AZUROPHILIC X AZUROPHOBIC
• EOSINOPHILIC X EOSINOPHOBIA
• BASOPHILIC X BASOPHOBES

• mixing X separation
• combining X breaking
• combine X Break
• ionic X Non - ionic
• acid X Base
• hydrostatic pressure (pressure of static water) X pressure gradient (pressure which drives water flow)
• inward flow X Outward flow (inward flow of water across semipermeable membrane X Outward flow of water across semipermeable membrane)
• permeable X impermeable (SEMI-PERMEABLE == cell membrane is semipermeable that is it is permeable and impermeable both)
• addition of solutes lowers water potential(NEGATIVE VECTOR) X Increase in pressure increases water potential (POSITIVE VECTOR)

• Flow is always from pure water (water with less or no solutes) to impure water (Water with higher concentration of solutes)
• sea water has always higher concentration of salt(sodium) so from higher gradient to lower (solute movement from sea water to lakes(fresh water))

• equal X Unequal
• barrier X Assistance or helpers
• restriction X Entrance or passage
• change in concentration over a distance is called concentration gradient X
• change in pressure over a distance is called pressure gradient x
• tonicity ( it is the relative concentration of solutes on either side of the membrane)
• osmolarity
• water is always more extracellular because the content of water is more outside than on inside of cell,but the main aim is not to control water potential or gradient but to maintain the ionic composition and volume of water constant.
• colloid (proteins - albumin,gelatin and water insoluble compounds)

• crystalloid osmotic pressure distinguishes because of the presence of large pores in capillaries which tend to equalize solute concentrations on either side of membrane.

• hypovolemia X increased blood volume
• hyponatremia X hypernatremia
• hypokalemia X hyperkalemia
• hypocalcemia X hypercalcemia
• bone mineralization(formation) x bone resorption(release of minerals from bone)
• Hypoxia x hyperoxia
• Hypocarbia x hypercarbia
• Acidosis x alkalosis
• Hypotension x hypertension

• GAS PHYSIOLOGY
  • Partial pressure(pressure of individual gas) X Pressure (pressure by whole mixture of gases)
  • Hyperventilation x hypoventilation

• DE - POLARIZATION
• RE - POLARIZATION
• POLARIZATION - POLARITY X NON-POLAR OR NO POLARITY
• polarity arises due to the solubility of molecules in a solution.insoluble compunds are non -polar

ab hum medicine ke language ke bare mein thoda baat karenge kyunki medicine ka language yaani iske poore root words latin se originate huye hain.ab neeche main ek paragraph linkhoonga latin mein jisko aap padhenge.

• SYNONYMS(meaning of a word in another form or word) –
• ANTONYMS(opposite meaning of a word)
• singular and plural(it defines whether the word tells about a single thing or many things)
• sentence formation (using different words) or a specific word.

• Health x disease
• Good x bad

• White blood cells x black cells (bacteria … Black)

• Lightness x darkness (complete absorption of light)

• Gray is the intermediate between white and black which we will refer to as water and ions… Or clouds

• White is made up of seven colours of vibgyor spectrum called

• visible spectrum ……. Starts from here …. Violet .. Indigo … Blue … Green … Yellow … Orange …red

• Ultra violet ……………. Infrared rays …

• life x death

• good cell x bad cell (bacteria)

• high x low
• increase x decrease
• big x small
• static x dynamic (moving)
• active x inactive
• dilation x constriction
• wide x narrow
• secretion(hide) x show
• up x down
• right x left
• forward x backward
• short x tall
• soft x hard
• young x old
• order x disorder
• systematically x disorderly
• balloon,bloat or distension x inflation,ingrowth,lack or depression
• concave ,cupped ,sinking x convex,distended

• dry eye X wet eye
• anemia X increased red blood cells
• pancytopenia X polycythemia
• aneurysm X stenosis
• dilatation of vessels X constriction of vessels
• vasodilation X vasoconstriction
• miosis X mydriasis
• fight X rest
• increased oxygen consumption(BMR) X decreased oxygen consumption (BMR)

• tachycardia X bradycardia

• micro(histo) X macro(gross)

• fever X hypothermia
• catabolism X anabolism
• stimulation X inhibition

• MUSCLE TISSUE
• vasoconstriction X vasodilation
• muscle contraction X muscle relaxation
• smooth muscle contraction x smooth muscle relaxation
• cardiac muscle contraction X cardiac muscle relaxation
• skeletal muscle contraction X skeletal muscle relation
• Atrial systole x atrial diastole
• contractility X excitability
• miosis X mydriasis
• extend(enlarge,expand,stretch) X flex (reduce,shrink,shorten)
• abduct(carry off,seize,snatch) X adduct(draw,pull,adding to main middle axis - ADD)
• stand X lie down
• perpendicular or vertical X parallel or horizontal
• go(pass,proceed,move) X come (return,arrive)
• Voluntary(free service,own will service) x compulsory (obligatory,paid service,service with payment)
• autonomic(self governing,involuntary,compulsory) X dependent
• skeletal muscle under voluntary control of somatic nervous system
• smooth muscle (very smooth - no striations like rough) – is an involuntary