HIP JOINT

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Hip joint
- Type
  - Ball and socket type
- Articular surfaces
  - Head of femur
    - Forms more than half a sphere
    - Covered with hyaline cartilage
      - Except at fovea
  - Acetabulum of hip joint
    - Horse shoe shaped
      - Lunate articular surface
      - Covered with cartilage
    - Acetabular notch
    - Acetabular fossa
- Special features
  - High degree of stability and mobility
  - Strength depends upon
    - Depth of acetabulum
  - Narrowing of mouth by acetabular labrum
  - Tension and strength of ligaments
  - Strength of surrounding muscles
  - Length and obliquity of neck of femur
  - Atmospheric pressure
- Ligaments
  - names in brief
    - Fibrous capsule
    - Iliofemoral ligament
    - Pubofemoral ligament
    - Ischiofemoral ligament
    - Ligament of head of femur
    - Acetabular labrum
    - Transverse acetabular ligament
  - Names in detail
    - 1. Fibrous capsule
      - Attached
        
        Acetabular labrum
        
        Transverse acetabular ligament
        
        Bone above and behind acetabulum
        
        Infront
        
        On femur to intertrochanteric line
        
        Behind
        
        1cm medial to intertrochanteric crest
        
        Pubofemoral ligament and vertical band of iliofemoral ligament
    - 2. Iliofemoral ligament
      - Called as ligament of Bigelow
      - Strongest ligaments
      - Prevents trunk from falling backward in standing posture
    - Shape
      - Inverted Y shape
      - Triangular in shape
      - Apex
        
        attached to Lower half of AIIS
      - Base
        
        To intertrochanteric line
    - Fibers
      - Upper oblique - thick
      - Middle - thin and weak
      - Lower vertical - thick and strong band
    - Pubofemoral ligament
      - Supports joint
      - Inferomedially
      - Triangular in shape
      - Attached
        
        Superiorly to
        
        Iliopubic eminence
        
        Obturator crest
        
        Obturator membrane
        
        Inferiorly
        
        Merges with anteroinferior part of capsule
        
        Lower band of iliofemoral ligament
    - Ischio-femoral ligament
      - Weak
      - Covers joint posteriorly
      - Fibers
        
        Twisted
        
        Form zona orbicularis
      - Attached
        
        Ischium to acetabulum
    - Ligament of head of femur
      - Synonym
        
        Round ligament, ligamentum teres
      - Shape
        
        Flat , triangular
      - Attachment
        
        Apex to fovea capitis
        
        Base to transverse ligament and to margins of acetabular notch
        
        Thin , even absent
      - Transmits
        
        Arteries to head of femur
        
        from acetabular branches of obturator and medial circumflex femoral arteries
    - Acetabular labrum
      - Fibrocartilaginous rim
        
        Margins of acetabulum
        
        Helps in holding femur in position
    - Transverse ligament
      - Part of acetabular labrum
        
        Bridges acetabular notch
        
        Converted to a foramen
        
        Acetabular vessel and nerves
- Relations
  - Anterior
  - Posterior
  - Superior
  - Inferior
- Blood supply
  - Obturator artery
  - Two circumflex femoral
    - Arterial circle around capsular attachment
  - Two gluteal
- Nerve supply
  - Femoral nerve
    - Through nerve to rectus Femoris
  - Anterior division of obturator nerve
  - Nerve to quadratus Femoris
  - Superior gluteal nerve
- Movements

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CATEGORY	HIP JOINT
Type	Synovial ball and socket; multiaxial
Articular surfaces	Head of femur, lunate surface of acetabulum
Ligaments	Capsular: iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral
Intracapsular: transverse ligament of the acetabulum, ligament of the head of the femur	Intracapsular: transverse ligament of the acetabulum, ligament of the head of the femur
Innervation	Femoral nerve, obturator nerve, superior gluteal nerve, nerve to quadratus femoris
Blood supply	Medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries, obturator artery, superior and inferior gluteal arteries
Movements	Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, external rotation, internal rotation and circumduction