VERB

From Mantropedia

A , from the Latin verbum meaning word, is a word (part of speech) that in syntax conveys (bring, read, walk, run, learn), occurrence (happen, become), or a state of being (, exist, stand). In the usual description of English, the basic form, with or without the to, is the infinitive. In many languages, are inflected (modified in form) to encode tense, aspect, mood, and voice. A may also agree with the , gender or number of some of its arguments, as its subject, or . have tenses: present, to indicate that is being carried out; past, to indicate that has done; future, to indicate that will done.

In Hindi are inflected basing upon gender, , number, tense, mood, and aspect. There are three tenses – past, present and future (some linguists include the subjunctive mood in the tenses); three moods - imperative, indicative, and subjective; two aspects: imperfective and perfective. In sentence structuring the always comes at the end.

For in other languages

or actions

speech parts

Auxiliary Verbs

Participle

COPULA

based on logic

LOGICAL ACTIONS

RELATION OF ACTION. III

based on agent

Valency

active agent or

CORPOREAL ACTIONS

MOTION

SPIRITUAL ACTION

OPERATION

passive agent or patient

based on function

Grammatical TENSE

past

present

future

Aspect

simple

progressive or continuous

perfect

perfect progressive

Mood

realis mood

Indicative or evidential mood

irrealis mood

Subjunctive or conjunctive mood

Opinion

Request ( polite )

Conditional mood

Optative mood

Hopes

Wishes

Commands

Imperative mood

Prohibition

Request

Direct command

Jussive mood

Potential mood

Presumptive mood

Hypothetical mood

Inferential mood

Interrogative mood

Secondary mood

Power

Can 〈☐〉

Could 〈☐〉

Liberty

May 〈☐〉

Might 〈☐〉

Will

Will 〈☐〉

Would 〈☐〉

Necessity

Must, shall 〈☐〉

Must, should 〈☐〉

voice

direct speech or active voice

indirect speech or passive voice

TYPES

vary by type, and each type is determined by the kinds of words that accompany it and the relationship those words have with the itself. Classified by the number of their valency arguments, usually three basic types are distinguished: intransitives, transitives, ditransitives and double transitive . Some have special grammatical uses and hence complements, as copular (i.e., ); the used for -support in questioning and negation, and tense or aspect auxiliaries, e.g., , have or can. In addition, can nonfinite, namely, not inflected for tense, and have various special forms as infinitives, participles or gerunds.

Intransitive verbs (असकर्मक क्रिया मे कर्म नही होता, कर्ता का काम का प्रभाव किसी दूसरे पे नही पङता, स्वयं पर पङता है उसे असकर्मक क्रिया कहते है। ) An intransitive is one that does not have a direct . Intransitive may followed by adverb (a word that addresses how, where, when, and how often) or end a sentence. For example:

The woman spoke softly.

The athlete ran faster than the official.

The boy wept.

Kids are crying. (बच्चे रो रहे हैं।) - Bacche ro rhe hai.

Ranjan is playing. (रंजन खेल रहा है।) - Ranjan khel raha hai

Mohan is sleeping. (मोहन सो रहा है।) - Mohann so rha hai.

Transitive verbs (सकर्मक क्रिया: सकर्मक क्रिया मे कर्ता (काम करने वाला व्यक्ति) के काम का प्रभाव दूसरे व्यक्ति पर पङता है उसे सकर्मक क्रिया कहते है।) A transitive is followed by a or phrase. These phrases are not called predicate , but are instead called direct objects because they refer to the that is being acted upon. For example:

My friend read the newspaper.

The teenager earned a speeding ticket.

Ram is reading news paper. (राम समाचार पत्र पढ़ रहा है।) - Ram samachar rahha hai.

Sita is going to market. (सीता बाजार जा रही है।) - Sita bazaar ja rhi hai.

Johnson is playing cricket. (जॉनसन क्रिकेट खेल रहा है।) - Johnson cricket khel raha hai.

A way to identify a transitive is to invert the sentence, making it passive. For example:

The newspaper was read by my friend.

A speeding ticket was earned by the teenager.

Ditransitive verbs Ditransitive (sometimes called Vg after the give) precede either two phrases or a phrase and then a prepositional phrase often led by to or for. For example:

The players gave their teammates high fives.

The players gave high fives to their teammates.

When two phrases follow a transitive , the first is indirect , that which is receiving something, and the second is a direct , that being acted upon. Indirect objects can phrases or prepositional phrases.

Double transitive verbs Double transitive (sometimes called Vc after the consider) are followed by a phrase that serves as a direct and then a second phrase, , or infinitive phrase. The second element ( phrase, , or infinitive) is called a complement, which completes a clause that would not otherwise have the same meaning. For example:

The young couple considers the neighbors wealthy people.

Some students perceive adults quite inaccurately.

Sarah deemed her project to the hardest she has ever completed.

Copular verbs Copular (a.k.a. linking ) can't followed by adverb or end a sentence, but instead must followed by a or , whether in a single word or phrase. Common copulae include , seem, become, appear, look, and remain. For example:

His mother looked worried.

Josh remained a reliable friend.

Copulae are thought to 'link' the or to the subject.

The copular is manifested in eight forms: , is, am, are, was, were, , and being in English. These precede or in a sentence, which become predicate and predicate similar to those that function with a linking . They can also followed by adverb of , which is sometimes referred to as a predicate adverb. For example:

Her daughter was a writing tutor.

The singers were very nervous.

My house is down the street.

TENSE-ASPECT-MOOD :

TAM covers the expression of three major components of words which lead to or assist with a correct understanding of the speaker's meaning:

Tense—the location of the state or in , that is whether it is in the past, present or future.

Tense marker. (i.e., है /hai/ and था /tha/ — the present and past tense markers; forms of the होना /hona/ — to ). These come at the end of the verbal phrase. E.g., मैं जाता हूँ । तुम खा रहे थे |

Aspect—the extension of the state or in , that is whether it is unitary (perfective), continuous or repeated (imperfective).

Aspect-marking . The रहना /rehna/ indicates the continuous or progressive aspect. It comes just before the tense marker. E.g., आप लिख रहे हैं ।

Mood or Modality—the reality of the state or , that is whether it is actual (realis), a possibility or a necessity (irrealis).

Modal . These include a variety of to express the mood or viewpoint of the speaker. E.g., पड़ना /parhna/ and होना /hona/ denote compulsion or requirement, चाहिये /Chahiye/ (not conjugated) denotes advice or need, चुकना /tʃuknaː/ indicates completeness of — the perfective, पाना /pana/ and सकना /sakna/ indicate capability. E.g., उसे एक लाख रुपये ख़र्च करने पड़े ।

For example in English the word walk would used in different ways for the different combinations of TAM:

Tense: He walked (past), He walks (present), He will walk (future).

Aspect: He walked (unitary), He was walking (continuous), He used to walk (repeated).

Mood: I can walk (possibility), Walk faster! (necessity).

TENSES

Tenses Forms
Simple past	I	studied	english	yesterday
Past Perfect	I	had	studied	english
Past Continuous	I	was	studying	english
past Perfect Continuous	I	had	studying	english
Simple Present	I	study	english
Present Perfect	I	have	studied	english
Present Continuous	I	am	studying	english
Present Perfect Continuous	I	have	studying	english
Simple Future	I	will	study	english
Future Perfect	I	will	have	studied	english
Future Continuous	I	will	studying	english
Future Perfect Continuous	I	will	have	studying	english

VOICE

The voice of a expresses whether the subject of the is performing the of the or whether the is being performed on the subject. The two most common voices are the active voice (as in I saw the car) and the passive voice (as in The car was seen by me or simply The car was seen).

Main article: Non-finite Most languages have a number of verbal that describe the of the .

Voice-marking . E.g., the जाना /jana/; किताब पढ़ी जाती है, indicating the passive voice.

ACTION CLASSIFICATION

selfless without external

Desire to

causing to

done in the past

doing in the present

doing in the future

wishful thinking of

SEE ALSO

Auxiliary Verbs

Mood

Valency

Tense

VERBS ETYMOLOGY

Verb Morphology

LIST OF ENGLISH VERBS

VERBS ETYMOLOGY

VERB