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Anatomical terms of bone
Many anatomical terms descriptive of bone are defined in anatomical terminology, and are often derived from Greek and Latin.
Types of bone (हड्डी के प्रकार )
Different types of bone
Long bones
A long bone is one that is cylindrical in shape, being longer than it is wide. However, the term describes the shape of a bone, not its size, which is relative. Long bones are found in the arms (humerus, ulna, radius) and legs (femur, tibia, fibula), as well as in the fingers (metacarpals, phalanges) and toes (metatarsals, phalanges). Long bones function as levers; they move when muscles contract. They are responsible for the body's height.
Clavicle | rom Latin clāvicula (“a small key”), diminutive of clāvis (“a key”) | ![]() |
Femur | Borrowed from Latin femur (“thigh”). | ![]() |
Fibula | from Latin fībula (“buckle, clasp, pin”) fīgō (“to fix, fasten, thrust in”) + -bula (instrumental nominal suffix). | ![]() |
Humerus | cognate include Ancient Greek ὦμος (ômos), Sanskrit अंस (áṃsa) | ![]() |
Iliac | from Ancient Greek εἰλεός (eileós, “colic”) | ![]() |
metarcarpal | Latin carpō (“to pick”), as well as Ancient Greek κείρω (keírō, “to cut off”) | ![]() |
Metatarsal | from Ancient Greek τᾰρσός (tarsós, “the flat of the foot; | ![]() |
Phalanges | From Proto-Indo-European *bʰelǵ- (“beam, plank”). | ![]() |
Pubic | from pubes - adult | ![]() |
Radius | Borrowed from Latin radius (“ray”). Doublet of ray. | ![]() |
Tibia | Ancient Greek σίφων (síphōn, “siphon, tube”) | ![]() |
Ulna | Greek ὠλένη (ōlénē, “elbow”), Sanskrit अणि (aṇi, “the point of a needle”) | ![]() |
Short bones
A short bone is one that is cube-like in shape, being approximately equal in length, width, and thickness. The only short bones in the human skeleton are in the carpals of the wrists and the tarsals of the ankles. Short bones provide stability and support as well as some limited motion.
hyoid | from ὖ (û, “the Greek letter upsilon”) + -ο- (-o-) + -ειδής (-eidḗs, “-like, -oid”) | ![]() |
cuboid | from Latin cubus, from Ancient Greek κύβος (kúbos) | ![]() |
talus | cognate with Sanskrit तल (tala, “plane, surface”) | ![]() |
trapezoid | From Ancient Greek τραπέζιον (trapézion, “irregular quadrilateral”, literally “a little table”) | ![]() |
ethmoid | from ἠθμός (ēthmós, “strainer, sieve”) + -ειδής (-eidḗs, “-form, -like”). | ![]() |
triquetral | from tri + quetrus – Three-cornered | ![]() |
vomer | From Latin vōmer (“ploughshare”). | ![]() |
lunate | From Latin lūnātus (“crescent-shaped”), from lūna (“moon”). | ![]() |
navicular | from Latin nāvicula, diminutive of nāvis (“ship”), | ![]() |
scaphoid | from Ancient Greek σκᾰφοειδής (skaphoeidḗs, “like a bowl, hollow”) | ![]() |
calcaneum | From Latin calx, calcis (“heel”). ( calco - to put on shoes ) | ![]() |
trapezium | From Ancient Greek τραπέζιον (trapézion, “irregular quadrilateral”, literally “a little table”) | ![]() |
incus | Borrowed from Latin incūs (“anvil”).( From incūdō (“forge, fabricate”), from in- + cūdō - strike) | ![]() |
lacrimal bone | from Medieval Latin lacrimālis, from lacrima (“a tear”) | ![]() |
malleus | From Latin malleus (“hammer, mallet”). Doublet of maul. | ![]() |
nasal bone | compare Latin nāris (“nostril”), nāsus (“nose”), | ![]() |
stapes | From Medieval Latin stapēs (“stirrup”). Doublet of step. from stō (“to stand”) + pēs (“foot”) | ![]() |
Flat bones
- Main article: Flat bone
The term “flat bone” is something of a misnomer because, although a flat bone is typically thin, it is also often curved. Examples include the cranial (skull) bones, the scapulae (shoulder blades), the sternum (breastbone), and the ribs. Flat bones serve as points of attachment for muscles and often protect internal organs. Flat bones do not have a medullary cavity because they are thin.
Frontal | from frons (“the forehead, brow, front”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix), | ![]() |
Occipital bone | from Latin occipitālis, from From ob- (“at, before, over”) + caput (“the head”). | ![]() |
Parietal bone | From Latin parietālis, from pariēs (“wall”). | ![]() |
Ribs | possibly from ribbon | ![]() |
Scapula | from Classical Latin scapulae (“shoulders”) | ![]() |
Sternum | Borrowed from Ancient Greek στέρνον (stérnon, “breast, chest; breastbone”). | ![]() |
Irregular bones
- Main article: Irregular bone
An irregular bone is one that does not have an easily classified shape and defies description. These bones tend to have more complex shapes, like the vertebrae that support the spinal cord and protect it from compressive forces. Many facial bones, particularly the ones containing sinuses, are classified as irregular bones.
Coccyx | from Ancient Greek κόκκυξ (kókkux, “cuckoo”) | ![]() |
Mandible | from mandō (“to chew, masticate”) + -bula (instrument noun suffix). | ![]() |
Maxilla | From māla (“the cheekbone, jaw”) + -illa (diminutive nominal suffix) | ![]() |
Palatine bone | from palātium (“palace”) + -īnus (“-ine”, | ![]() |
Sacrum | From Latin os sacrum (“holy bone”) | ![]() |
Sphenoid | from σφήν (sphḗn, “wedge”) + -ειδής (-eidḗs, “-form, -like”). | ![]() |
Temporal | Latin temporālis (“of time (in grammar), | ![]() |
Vertebra | Borrowing from Latin vertebra (“a joint”), from vertō (“to turn”) + -bra (instrumental nominal suffix) | ![]() |
Zygomatic bone | From Ancient Greek ζύγωμα (zúgōma), from ζυγόν (zugón, “yoke”) | ![]() |
Sesamoid bones
Main article: Sesamoid bone A sesamoid bone is a small, round bone that, as the name suggests, is shaped like a sesame seed. These bones form in tendons (the sheaths of tissue that connect bones to muscles) where a great deal of pressure is generated in a joint. The sesamoid bones protect tendons by helping them overcome compressive forces. Sesamoid bones vary in number and placement from person to person but are typically found in tendons associated with the feet, hands, and knees. The only type of sesamoid bone that is common to everybody is the kneecap (patella, pl. patellae) which is also the largest of the sesamoid bones.
BASED ON MAGNITDUE
Two lines , blunt , convex rounded
Different types of bone markings and features.
A condyle(उभार,स्थूलक) is the round prominence at the end of a bone, most often part of a joint – an articulation with another bone. The epicondyle refers to a projection near a condyle, particularly the medial epicondyle of the humerus. These terms derive from Greek.
An eminence (उत्सेध) refers to a relatively small projection or bump, particularly of bone, such as the medial eminence.
A process(प्रवर्ध) refers to a relatively large projection or prominent bump, as does a promontory such as the sacral promontory.
Both tubercle(गुलिका) and tuberosity (गंडक ) refer to a projection or bump with a roughened surface, with a tubercle generally smaller than a tuberosity. These terms are derived from Tuber (Latin: swelling).
Two lines , sharp , Convex
A line (रेखा ) refers to a long, thin projection, often with a rough surface.
A spine(कंटिका ) , as well as referring to the spinal cord, may be used to describe a relatively long, thin projection or bump.
HOLE AS SUPERFICIES
Openings The following terms are used to describe cavities that connect to other areas:
A foramen (रन्द्र,छिद्र ) is any opening, particularly referring to those in bone. Foramina inside the body of humans and other animals typically allow muscles, nerves, arteries, veins, or other structures to connect one part of the body with another.
A fovea (Latin: pit) is a small pit, usually on the head of a bone. An example of a fovea is the fovea capitis of the head of the femur.
HOLE AS PROTRUSION
LATIN | MANTRAKSHAR | Feature | example |
---|---|---|---|
![]() | meatus | acoustic meatus (internal and external , | |
![]() | canal | incisive canal, Hypoglossal canal , optic canal |
A canal(नली , is a long, tunnel-like foramen, usually a passage for notable nerves or blood vessels.
A meatus is a short canal that opens to another part of the body.
Two lines ; blunt ; concave
A fossa ( गर्त ) (from the Latin fossa, ditch or trench) is a depression or hollow, usually in a bone, such as the hypophyseal fossa, the depression in the sphenoid bone.
Consist in being superficies
Ridge (कटक) and crest (शिखा) refer to a long, narrow line. Unlike many words used to describe anatomical terms, the word ridge is derived from Old English.
Special
These terms are used to describe bony protuberances in specific parts of the body.
The Malleolus (Latin: small hammer) is the bony prominence on each side of the ankle. These are known as the medial and lateral malleolus. Each leg is supported by two bones, the tibia on the inner side (medial) of the leg and the fibula on the outer side (lateral) of the leg. The medial malleolus is the prominence on the inner side of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the tibia. The lateral malleolus is the prominence on the outer side of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the fibula.
The trochanters are parts of the femur, to which muscles attach. It may refer to the greater, lesser, or third trochanter
Walls
The following terms are used to describe the walls of a cavity:
A labyrinth refers to the bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth, components of the inner ear, due to their fine and complex structure.
A sinus refers to a bony cavity, usually within the skull.
Joints
Main article: Joint A joint, or articulation is the region where adjacent bones contact each other, for example the elbow, shoulder, or costovertebral joint. Terms that refer to joints include:
articular process, referring to a projection that contacts an adjacent bone. suture, referring to an articulation between cranial bones. Features of long bones
Gross overview of the features of long bones in a fully grown adult. Gross features Bones are commonly described with the terms head, neck, shaft, body and base
The head of a bone usually refers to the proximal end of the bone. The shaft refers to the elongated sections of long bone, and the neck the segment between the head and shaft (or body). The end of the long bone opposite to the head is known as the base.
Internal regions
The epiphyseal plate is the area in which bone growth occurs after birth through endochondral ossification. More information Bone feature, Definition … Internal and external
Inside of the head of femur, showing surface of the bone, red and yellow bone marrow. The cortex of a bone is used to refer to its outer layers, and medulla used to refer to the inner surface of the bone. Red marrow, in which blood is formed is present in spongy bone as well as in the medullary cavity, while the fatty yellow marrow is present primarily in the medullary cavity.
Suture | lamboid suture, sagittal suture , coronal suture , |
Head - Neck - surgical neck , morphological , anatomical
- Patella - knee cap
- Radius -
- Tibia - shin bone
- Fibula - calf bone
- Tarsal - ankle bones
- Carpals - wrist bones
- Phalanges - finger bones
- Maxilla - upper jaw bone
- Mandible - lower jaw bone
- Hyoid -
- Clavicle - collar bone
- Scapula - shoulder blade
- Humerus - arm bone
- Frontal - forehead bone
- Temporal - sidehead bone
- Occipital - backhead bone
- Parietal - apexhead bone
- sternum - breast bone / chest sword
- ribs - ribbon bone
- vertebra - back bone
- cervical vertebra - backneck bone
- thoracic vertebra - back chest bone
- lumbar vertebra - backwaist bone
- sacral vertebra -
- Coccyx - tail bone
- Sphenoid - bird bone
- ethmoid bone -
- zygomatic bone - cheek bone
- nasal bone - nose bone
- lacrimal bone - tears bone
Discussion