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-====== RESPIRATORY MICROBIOLOGY ======
-====== RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS ======
-infections of Upper respiratory tract and lungs
-whooping cough, pneumonia, tuberculosis aise bimari hain jo respiratory tract mein aate hain.
-infections of upper respiratory tract
-infections of lungs --- unable to breath (SOB),
-lung fever
-alveoli fever = pneumonia ,tuberculosis
-acute laryngitis = larynx fever
-acute and chronic bronchitis - bronchial fever = fever,SOB,cough
-whooping cough(kala khaasi ya 100 day cough - in the sense indicates continuous and strong cough which can break ribs) = common cold with runny nose ( hot with cold combination is a hall mark of respiratory infection),severe cough breaking ribs
-diptheria - sore throat,shills,a type of laryngeal fever,bull neck
-tuberculosis - fever with bloody discharge which can spread to many sites, pott's disease of spine ,tubercular meningitis of meninges
- the start begins with alveoli,hence it is an alveoli fever spread,where they form ghon's focus - focus on protection of their criminal citizens.
-pneumonitis -
-histoplasmosis (darling's disease or caver's disease,ohio valley disease) = similarly they invade the alveoli and start the disease
-coccidioidomycosis or valley fever or california fever  = desert rheumatism ( classic triad = fever,joint pains and erythema nodosum) -
-arrive in the alveoli and start to form spherules (grow bigger in size) ......
-hydatid cyst -
-lung fluke -
-  TUBERCULOSIS (THE TRUE BEAR ATTACKING GANG OF CRIMINALS)
-the true bear (tuberculosis) attacking strategy is because it attacks like a bear,demolishes all the bloods on roads as it looks likes a bloody night (bloody sputum),
-which instills fear in the citizens and they start sweating(night sweats)
-and they start losing hope which causes the depleting of all stores (weight loss).they spread by hiding behind the gas tanks and gaining entry in to the lungland.
-The classic symptoms of active TB are a chronic cough with blood-containing sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.
- investigation --
-when the investigators come they come and start by investigating the site of roads which is often bloody and sticky due to the roads surface which are always cleaned by water in brief periods.
-bloody road stains (blood sputum stain) microscopic investigation.
-Using histological stains on expectorated samples from phlegm (also called "sputum"), scientists can identify MTB under a microscope.
-Since MTB retains certain stains even after being treated with acidic solution, it is classified as an acid-fast bacillus.
-The most common acid-fast staining techniques are the Ziehl–Neelsen stain
-pathogenesis (how the bacteria will destroy the city)
-TB infection begins when the mycobacteria reach the pulmonary alveoli, where they invade and replicate within endosomes of alveolar macrophages.
-Macrophages identify the bacterium as foreign and attempt to eliminate it by phagocytosis.
- During this process, the bacterium is enveloped by the macrophage and stored temporarily in a membrane-bound vesicle called a phagosome.
-The phagosome then combines with a lysosome to create a phagolysosome. In the phagolysosome, the cell attempts to use reactive oxygen species and acid to kill the bacterium.
-However, M. tuberculosis has a thick, waxy mycolic acid capsule that protects it from these toxic substances.
-M. tuberculosis is able to reproduce inside the macrophage and will eventually kill the immune cell.
-The primary site of infection in the lungs, known as the "Ghon focus", is generally located in either the upper part of the lower lobe, or the lower part of the upper lobe.
-Tuberculosis of the lungs may also occur via infection from the blood stream. This is known as a Simon focus and is typically found in the top of the lung.
- This hematogenous transmission can also spread infection to more distant sites, such as peripheral lymph nodes, the kidneys, the brain, and the bones.
-All parts of the body can be affected by the disease, though for unknown reasons it rarely affects the heart, skeletal muscles, pancreas, or thyroid
-               DIPTHERIA (THE RUIN CAUSED BY DIPTEE )
-diptee decided that she want to rule all the anatomyland,but how is she going to enter the anatomyland while everybody is trying to stop her from entering the anatomyland because she is
-a criminal.she enters the anatomyland by entering through respiratory route in the way they destroy all the roads so that no body would track them,they locks themselves inside by blocking
-the external gates of the lungland.
-symptoms include Croup barky voice,swollen neck lymoh nodes.
- The guns and bombs she posses are a kind of DIPTHERIA TOXIN which Consists of two fragments fragment A and fragment B in which is like a bullet with poison.this bullet
-enters the cell breaks in to its individual fragments and then inhibits protein synthesis.
-               NEMO (NEMO WHO WANT TO RULE THE LUNGLAND - DESCRIBED AS AN OLD MAN'S FRIEND)
-  These are the bacterial strains ----------
-the criminals who cause this type of rule are named by the police as Legionella pneumophila (L.Nemo - or Legion Nemo) , K.Nemo(Klebsiella pneunomia),S.Nemo(Streptococcus pneumonia) ,C.Nemo(Chlamydophila pneumoniae),M.Nemo(mycoplasma pneumoniae) .... others are like Hema Influence (Hemophilus influenzae)
-the viral strains which take hostages are ---
-rhino virus,influenza virus - (the flying virus),
-the fungi ------------ also called little carnivorus plants
-Histoplasma capsulatum, blastomyces, Cryptococcus neoformans, Pneumocystis jiroveci (pneumocystis pneumonia), and Coccidioides immitis.
- BY AREA OF LUNG EFFECTED
-A lobar pneumonia is an infection that only involves a single lobe, or section, of a lung. Lobar pneumonia is often due to Streptococcus pneumoniae (though Klebsiella pneumoniae is also possible.)
-Multilobar pneumonia involves more than one lobe, and it often causes a more severe illness.
-Bronchial pneumonia affects the lungs in patches around the tubes (bronchi or bronchioles).(bronchopneumonia)
-Interstitial pneumonia involves the areas in between the alveoli, and it may be called "interstitial pneumonitis." It is more likely to be caused by viruses or by atypical bacteria.
-BASED ON LOCATION
-Community accquired pneumonia or walking pneumonia (Community accuired alveoli fever or walking alveoli fever)
-hospital accquired pneumonia or nosocomial pneumonia
-                                                                                                PERTUSIS (
- Pertussis (also known as whooping cough or 100-day cough) (Tells a 100 day tussle story )
-The classic symptoms of pertussis are a paroxysmal cough, inspiratory whoop, and fainting, or vomiting after coughing. The cough from pertussis has been documented
- to cause subconjunctival hemorrhages, rib fractures, urinary incontinence, hernias, and vertebral artery dissection.
-It acts primarily via its pertussis toxin but also via invasion of tissues and alveolar macrophages. B. pertussis attaches to the cilia of respiratory epithelial cells,
-where it produces cilia-paralyzing toxins, and causes inflammation of the respiratory tract,
-thereby interfering with the "mucociliary escalator" by which pulmonary secretions (i.e., mucus) are cleared.
-    ANTHRAX (ANTHONY WITH WOOLS DUST WHICH CAUSES ALLERGY TO THE CITIZENS OF LUNGLAND AND KILL THEM- pulmonary anthrax or wool sorter's disease) ... (Initially gland fever but afterwards becomes a alveoli fever)
-           Respiratory infection in humans is relatively rare and presents as two stages.
- It infects the lymph nodes in the chest first, rather than the lungs themselves, a condition called hemorrhagic mediastinitis,
-causing bloody fluid to accumulate in the chest cavity, therefore causing shortness of breath. The first stage causes cold and flu-like symptoms.
-Symptoms include fever, shortness of breath, cough, fatigue, and chills. This can last hours to days.
-Often many fatalities from inhalational anthrax are when the first stage is mistaken for the cold or flu and the victim doesn't seek treatment until the second stage, which is 90% fatal.
-The second (pneumonia) stage occurs when the infection spreads from the lymph nodes to the lungs. Symptoms of the second stage develop suddenly after hours or days of the first stage.
-Symptoms include high fever, extreme shortness of breath, shock, and rapid death within 48 hours in fatal cases
-Q FEVER CAUSED BY COXIELLA BURNETTI
-During its course, the disease can progress to an atypical pneumonia, which can result in a life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome, whereby such symptoms usually occur during the first four to five days of infection.[citation needed]
-Less often, Q fever causes (granulomatous) hepatitis, which may be asymptomatic or becomes symptomatic with malaise, fever, liver enlargement, and pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. Whereas transaminase values are often elevated, jaundice is uncommon. Retinal vasculitis is a rare manifestation of Q fever.[5]
-The chronic form of Q fever is virtually identical to inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (endocarditis),[6] which can occur months or decades following the infection. It is usually fatal if untreated. However, with appropriate treatment, the mortality falls to around 10%

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