Valency
| Avalent | impersonal |  |  | ||||
| It | rains | ||||||
| monovalent/monadic | intransitive |  |  | ||||
| she | studies | ||||||
| Divalent/dyadic | transitive | |  |  |  | ||
| she | throws | the | book | ||||
| trivalent/triadic | ditransitive | |  |  | A | |
|
| she | gives | him | a | book | |||
| quadrivalent | tritransitive | ||||||
- impersonal (= avalent) it rains ,
- intransitive (monovalent/monadic) she sleeps
- transitive (divalent/dyadic) she kicks the ball
- tritransitive (quadrivalent/quadradic) I bet her a dollar on a horse