| MEDICAL TERM | MANTRAKSHAR | DEFINITION OR MEANING |
|---|---|---|
| No:547 - ecchymosis | (Gr. ekchymosis) a small haemorrhagic spot, larger than a petechia, in the skin or mucous membrane forming a nonelevated, rounded or irregular, blue or purplish patch. | |
| No:548 - echography | ultrasonography; the use of ultrasound as a diagnostic aid. Ultrasound waves are directed at the tissues, and a record is made, as on an oscilloscope, of the waves reflected back through the tissues, which indicate interfaces of different acoustic densities and thus differentiate between solid and cystic structures. | |
| No:549 - eclampsia | (Gr. eklampein to shine forth) convulsions and coma occurring in a pregnant or puerperal woman, associated with preeclampsia, i.e., with hypertension, edema, and/or proteinuria. | |
| No:550 - ectopic | pertaining to or characterized by ectopia. | |
| No:551 - eczema | (Gr. ekzein to boil out) a pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents, characterized in the acute stage by erythema, edema associated with a serous exudate between the cells of the epidermis (spongiosis) and an inflammatory infiltrate in the dermis, oozing and vesiculation, and crusting and scaling; and in the more chronic stages by lichenification or thickening or both, signs of excoriations, and hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation or both. Atopic dermatitis is the most common type of dermatitis. Called also eczematous dermatitis. | |
| No:552 - effect | the result produced by an action. | |
| No:553 - effective | producing the intended result. | |
| No:554 - efficient | serving as or characteristic of an immediate agent in the production of an event; causally productive. | |
| No:555 - effusion | (L. effusio a pouring out) the escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. | |
| No:556 - ejaculation | (L. ejaculation) a sudden act of expulsion, as of the semen. | |
| No:557 - ejection fraction | a measure of ventricular contractility, equal to normally 65 8 per cent; lower values indicate ventricular dysfunction. | |
| No:558 - elastic | (L. elasticus) susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. | |
| No:559 - elective | subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. | |
| No:560 - electrocardiography | the making of graphic records of the variations in electrical potential caused by electrical activity of the heart muscle and detected at the body surface, as a method for studying the action of the heart muscle. | |
| No:561 - electroencephalography | the recording of the electric currents developed in the brain, by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain (intracranial e.) or placed within the substance of the brain (depth e.). | |
| No:562 - electrolyte | (electro- + Gr. lytos that may be dissolved) a substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. | |
| No:563 - electrophysiological | pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. | |
| No:564 - elimination | (L. eliminatio, from e out + limen threshold) the act of expulsion or of extrusion, especially of expulsion from the body. | |
| No:565 - embolism | (L. embolismus, from Gr. en in + ballein to throw) the sudden blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material which has been brought to its site of lodgment by the blood current. | |
| No:566 - embryo | (Gr. embryon) in animals, those derivatives of the fertilized ovum that eventually become the offspring, during their period of most rapid development, i.e., after the long axis appears until all major structures are represented. In man, the developing organism is an embryo from about two weeks after fertilization to the end of seventh or eighth week. | |
| No:567 - emesis | (Gr. emein to vomit) vomiting; an act of vomiting. Also used as a word termination, as in haematemesis. | |
| No:568 - emetic | (Gr. emetikos; L. emeticus) an agent that causes vomiting. | |
| No:569 - emollient | (L. emolliens softening, from e out + mollis soft) softening or soothing; called also malactic. | |
| No:570 - emotional | pertaining to the emotions. | |
| No:571 - emphysema | (Gr. 'an inflation') a pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs; applied especially to such a condition of the lungs. | |
| No:572 - empiric | empirical; depending upon experience or observation alone, without using scientific method or theory. | |
| No:573 - empyema | (Gr. empyema) accumulation of pus in a cavity of the body; when used without a descriptive qualifier, it refers to thoracic empyema (q.v.). | |
| No:574 - emulsify | to convert or to be converted into an emulsion. | |
| No:575 - emulsion | (L. emulsio, emulsum) a preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. | |
| No:576 - enanthema | (Gr. en in + anthema a blossoming) an eruption upon a mucous surface. | |
| No:577 - encephalitis | inflammation of the brain. | |
| No:578 - encephalopathy | (encephalo- + Gr. pathos illness) any degenerative disease of the brain. | |
| No:579 - endemic | (Gr. endmos dwelling in a place) present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. Cf. epidemic. | |
| No:580 - endocarditis | exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. | |
| No:581 - endocrine | (endo- + Gr. krinein to separate) pertaining to internal secretions; hormonal. Cf. exocrine. | |
| No:582 - endogenous | (endo- + Gr. gennan to produce) developing or originating within the organisms or arising from causes within the organism. | |
| No:583 - endometriosis | (endometrium + -osis) a condition in which tissue more or less perfectly resembling the uterine mucous membrane (the endometrium) and containing typical endometrial granular and stromal elements occurs aberrantly in various locations in the pelvic cavity; called also adenomyosis externa and endometriosis externa. | |
| No:584 - endoscopy | visual inspection of any cavity of the body by means of an endoscope. | |
| No:585 - endothelium | (endo- + Gr. thl nipple) (NA) the layer of epithelial cells that lines the cavities of the heart and of the blood and lymph vessels, and the serous cavities of the body, originating from the mesoderm. | |
| No:586 - endotoxic | of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). | |
| No:587 - enema | a clyster or injection; a liquid injected or to be injected into the rectum. | |
| No:588 - energetic | exhibiting energy : strenuous; operating with force, vigour, or effect. | |
| No:589 - enteric-coated | a term designating a special coating applied to tablets or capsules which prevents release and absorption of their contents until they reach the intestines. | |
| No:590 - enteritis | (enter- + -itis) inflammation of the intestine, applied chiefly to inflammation of the small intestine; see also enterocolitis. | |
| No:591 - enterocolitis | (entero- + colitis) inflammation involving both the small intestine and the colon; see also enteritis. | |
| No:592 - enterohepatic | of or involving the intestine and liver. | |
| No:593 - enuresis | (Gr. enourein to void urine) involuntary discharge of urine after the age at which urinary control should have been achieved; often used alone with specific reference to involuntary discharge of urine occurring during sleep at night (bed-wetting, nocturnal enuresis). | |
| No:594 - environment | (Fr. environner to surround, to encircle) the sum total of all the conditions and elements which make up the surroundings and influence the development and actions of an individual. | |
| No:595 - enzyme | (Gr. en in + zyme leaven) a protein molecule that catalyses chemical reactions of other substances without itself being destroyed or altered upon completion of the reactions. Enzymes are classified according to the recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry. Each enzyme is assigned a recommended name and an Enzyme Commission (EC) number. They are divided into six main groups; oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, and ligases. | |
| No:596 - eosinophilia | (eosin + Gr. philein to love) the formation and accumulation of an abnormally large number of eosinophils in the blood. | |
| No:597 - epicondylitis | inflammation of the epicondyle or of the tissues adjoining the epicondyle of the humerus. | |
| No:598 - epidemic | (Gr. epidmios prevalent) occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other health-related event occurring in such outbreaks. Cf. endemic and sporadic. | |
| No:599 - epidemiological | relating to, or involving epidemiology. | |
| No:600 - epidermal | pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. | |
| No:601 - epidural | situated upon or outside the dura mater. | |
| No:602 - epigastralgia | (epigastrium + -algia) pain in the epigastrium. | |
| No:603 - epigastric | (epi- + Gr. gastr belly) pertaining to the epigastrium. | |
| No:604 - epilepsy | (Gr. epilpsia seizure) paroxysmal transient disturbances of brain function that may be manifested as episodic impairment or loss of consciousness, abnormal motor phenomena, psychic or sensory disturbances, or perturbation of the autonomic nervous system. Symptoms are due to paroxysmal disturbance of the electrical activity of the brain. On the basis of origin, epilepsy is idiopathic (cryptogenic, essential, genetic) or symptomatic (acquired, organic). On the basis of clinical and electroencephalographic phenomenon, four subdivisions are recognized : (1) grand mal e. (major e., haut mal e.) - subgroups : generalized, focal (localized), jacksonian (rolandic), (2) petit mal e., (3) psychomotor e. (temporal lobe e., psychic, psychic equivalent, or variant) - subgroups : psychomotor proper (tonic with adversive or torsion movements or masticatory phenomena), automatic (with amnesia), and sensory (hallucinations, or dream states or déjà vu), (4) autonomic e. (diencephalic), with flushing, pallor, tachycardia, hypertension, perspiration, or other visceral symptoms. Called also epilepsia. | |
| No:605 - epiphyseal | pertaining to or of the nature of an epiphysis. | |
| No:606 - episiotomy | (episio- + Gr. tom a cutting) surgical incision into the perineum and vagina to prevent traumatic tearing during delivery. | |
| No:607 - episode | a noteworthy happening or series of happenings occurring in the course of continuous events, as an episode of illness; a separate but not unrelated incident. | |
| No:608 - epistaxis | nosebleed; haemorrhage from the nose. | |
| No:609 - epithelioma | (epithelium + -oma) a neoplasm of epithelial origin, ranging from benign (adenoma and papilloma) to malignant (carcinoma). | |
| No:610 - epithelium | (epi- + Gr. thl nipple) (NA) the covering of internal and external surfaces of the body, including the lining of vessels and other small cavities. It consists of cells joined by small amounts of cementing substances. Epithelium is classified into types on the basis of the number of layers deep and the shape of the superficial cells. | |
| No:611 - equivalent | (L. aequivalens, from aequus equal + valere to be worth) having the same value; neutralizing or counterbalancing. | |
| No:612 - erection | (L. erectio) the condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when filled with blood. | |
| No:613 - ergotism | chronic poisoning from excessive or misdirected use of ergot as a medicine, or from eating ergotized grain; it is marked by cerebrospinal symptoms, spasms, and cramps, or by a kind of dry gangrene. Called also St. Anthony's fire. | |
| No:614 - erosion | (L. erosio, from erodere to eat out) 1. an eating away; destruction of the surface of a tissue, material, or structure. 2. progressive loss of the hard substance of a tooth by chemical processes that do not involve bacterial action. See also abrasion . 3. a gradual breakdown or very shallow ulceration of the skin which involves only the epidermis and heals without scarring. | |
| No:615 - eructation | (L. eructatio) the act of belching, or of casting up wind from the stomach through the mouth. | |
| No:616 - eruption | (L. eruptio a breaking out) 1. the act of breaking out, appearing, or becoming visible, as eruption of the teeth. 2. visible efflorescent lesions of the skin due to disease, especially an exanthematous disease, and marked by redness and prominence; a rash. See also exanthema. | |
| No:617 - erysipelas | (Gr. erythros red + pella skin) an acute superficial form of cellulitis involving the dermal lymphatics, usually caused by infection with group A streptococci, and chiefly characterized by a peripherally spreading hot, bright red, edematous, brawny, infiltrated, and sharply circumscribed plaque with a raised indurated border. Formerly called St. Anthony's fire. Cf. cellulitis and phlegmon. | |
| No:618 - erythema | (Gr. erythma flush upon the skin) a name applied to redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries, which may result from a variety of causes, the etiology or a specific type of lesion often being indicated by a modifying term. | |
| No:619 - erythrasma | a chronic, superficial bacterial infection of the skin involving the body folds and toe webs, sometimes becoming generalized, caused by Corynebacterium minutissimum, and characterized by the presence of sharply demarcated, dry, brown, slightly scaly, and slowly spreading patches. | |
| No:620 - erythropoiesis | (erythro- + Gr. poisis making) the production of erythrocytes. | |
| No:621 - euphoria | (Gr. 'the power of bearing easily') an exaggerated feeling of physical and mental well-being, especially when not justified by external reality. Euphoria may be induced by drugs such as opioids, amphetamines, and alcohol and is also a feature of mania. | |
| No:622 - evacuation | (L. evacuatio, from e out + vacuus empty) an emptying, as of the bowels. | |
| No:623 - evaluation | the act or result of evaluating. | |
| No:624 - evolution | (L. evolutio, from e out + volvere to roll) 1. an unrolling. 2. a process of development in which an organ or organism becomes more and more complex by the differentiation of its parts; a continuous and progressive change according to certain laws and by means of resident forces. | |
| No:625 - exacerbation | (ex- + L. acerbus harsh) increase in the severity of a disease of its symptoms. | |
| No:626 - exanthema | (Gr. exanthma) exanthem; an eruptive disease or its symptomatic eruption. | |
| No:627 - excessive | exceeding the usual, proper, or normal quantity; given to excess. | |
| No:628 - excipient | (L. excipiens, from ex out + capere to take) any more or less inert substance added to a prescription in order to confer a suitable consistency or form to the drug; a vehicle. | |
| No:629 - excitation | (L. excitatio, from ex out + citare to call) an act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. | |
| No:630 - exclusive | 1. excluding or inclined to exclude others (at outsiders) from participation. 2. single. 3. undivided, whole. | |
| No:631 - excretion | (L. excretio) the act, process, or function of excreting. | |
| No:632 - exfoliation | (L. exfoliatio) a falling off in scales or layers. | |
| No:633 - exocrine | (exo- + Gr. krinein to separate) 1. secreting outwardly, via a duct; cf. endocrine. 2. denoting such a gland or its secretion. | |
| No:634 - exogenous | (exo- + Gr. gennan to produce) developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. | |
| No:635 - exophthalmos | (ex- + Gr. ophthalmos eye) abnormal protrusion of the eyeball; called also proptosis. | |
| No:636 - expectorant | (ex- + L. pectus breast) 1. promoting the ejection, by spitting, of mucus or other fluids from the lungs and trachea. 2. an agent that promotes the ejection of mucus or exudate from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea; sometimes extended to all remedies that quiet cough (antitussives). | |
| No:637 - experimental | 1. of, relating to, or based on experience : empirical. 2. of a disease : intentionally produced especially in laboratory animals for the purpose of study. | |
| No:638 - expiration | (ex + L. spirare to breathe) the act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. | |
| No:639 - extension | (L. extensio) 1. the movement by which the two elements of any jointed part are drawn away from each other. 2. a movement which brings the members of a limb into or toward a straight relation. | |
| No:640 - external | (L. externus outside) situated or occurring on the outside; many anatomical structures formerly called external are now more correctly termed lateral. | |
| No:641 - extracellular | outside a cell or cells. | |
| No:642 - extracorporeal | (extra- + L. corpus body) situated or occurring outside the body. | |
| No:643 - extract | (L. extractum) a concentrated preparation of a vegetable or animal drug obtained by removing the active constituents therefrom with a suitable menstruum, evaporating all or nearly all the solvent, and adjusting the residual mass or powder to a prescribed standard. Extracts are prepared in three forms; semiliquid or of syrupy consistency, pilular or solid, and as dry powder. | |
| No:644 - extraction | (L. ex out + trahere to draw) the process or act of pulling or drawing out. | |
| No:645 - extrapyramidal | outside of the pyramidal tracts. | |
| No:646 - extrarenal | outside of the kidney. | |
| No:647 - extrasystole | a premature contraction of the heart that is independent of the normal rhythm and arises in response to an impulse in some part of the heart other than the sinoatrial node; called also premature beat. | |
| No:648 - extravasation | (extra + L. vas vessel) a discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. | |
| No:649 - extravascular | situated or occurring outside a vessel or the vessels. | |
| No:650 - extreme | as far away as possible from the centre, the beginning or the average; of the highest degree or intensity | |
| No:651 - extremity | a limb; an arm or leg (membrum (NA)); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. | |
| No:652 - exudate | (L. exsudare to sweat out) material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. |
