RATE

• BIRTH RATE
• MORTALITY RATE
  • INFANT MORTALITY RATE
  • NEONATAL MORTALITY RATE
  • CASE FATALITY RATE

1. Relative Risk: It is the ratio of the incidence of the disease of death among exposed and the incidence among non-exposed.

<m>{incidence of disease or death among exposed} / {incidence of disease or death among non exposed}</m>

2. Attributable Risk: It is difference in incidence rates of disease or death between an exposed group and non-exposed group. It is often exposed in percentage.

<m>incidence_of_disease_or_death_among_exposed_-_incidence_of_disease_or_death_among_non_exposed / {incidence of disease or death among exposed}</m>

3. Exposure Rates: A case control provides direct estimation of the exposure rates(frequency of exposure) to a suspected factor in disease and non-disease group.

<m>ER = {No of cases who have been exposed by a causative factor of a disease} / {total no of patients of disease}</m>

4. Odds Ratio (Cross-Product Ratio): In case of control study, Odds Ratio (OR) is the measure of the strength of the association between risk actors and outcome. It is closely related to relative risk.

• odds ratio = ad / bc

• Sensitivity
• Specificity

• 1. Prevalence of Infection = <m> incidence_of_disease_or_death_among_non_exposed * {100} </m>
• 2. Incidence of Infection (Infection rate) or Tuberculin Conversion Index =

<m> no._of_tuberculin_positive_during_study_-_no._of_tuberculin_ve_one_year_back / population under study} * 100 </m>

• 3. Prevalence of Disease =

NO. of Individuals show sputum Total no. Of —e studied

• 4. Incidence of Disease =

NO. Of ca*S sputum during study NO. Of cases sputum +ve, in one year back x 100 Population studied (NO. Of people should be me in both study)

• 5. Prevalence of Suspect =

BacteriologicaHy cases who were susp«ted by X-ray Of chest x 100 (Radiographically +ve Of tuberculosis)

• 6. Prevalence of Drug Resistant Cases =

NO. Of patients excreting tubercular bacilli resistant x 100 (Total no. Of confirmed cases under study)

• 7. Tuberculosis Mortality Rate =

NO. Of deaths due to tuberculosis in a year x 100 Total no. Of population surveyed

Endemicity of Cholera:

1. Persistence Level =

2. Minimum Monthly Incidence Rate(MMIR usually measured for each district separately)

Endemic Index for Ankylostomiasis = Average no. of hookworm eggs per gram faeces.

Vector Indices related to yellow fever: (i) Aedes Aegypti Index =

(ii) Biting Rate = (Useful to know activity of about Ae. Aegypti)

(iii) House Index =

(iv) Container Index =

(v) Breteau Index =

(i) Incidence: 1. Annual Parasitic Incidence Rate

2. Annual Blood Examination Rate

(ii) Prevalence: 3. Spleen Rate =

4. Parasite Rate =

5. Infant Parasite Rate =

6. Proportional Case Rate =

7. Assessment of Endemicity =

(iii) Vector Index: (i) Human Blood Index =

(ii) Sporozoite Rate =

(iii) Mosquito Density =

(iv) Man Biting Rate (Bitine Density) =

(v) Inoculation Bite =

Filarial Indices: 1. Microfilaria Rate =

2. Filarial Disease Rate =

3. Filarial Endemicity Rate =

4. MIcrofilarial Density Rate =

5. Mosquito Infection Rate =

Endemicity of Trachoma =

Endemicity of Leprosy =

1. Broca’s Index =

2. Corpulence Index =

3. Ponderal Index =

4. Body Mass Index (Quetelet’s Index) =

5. Loreniz’s Formula =

1. Protein Efficacy Ratio =

2. Biological Value =

3. Degestibility Value =

4. Net Protein Utilisation =

5. Chemical Score of Proteins =

1. Vaccine Efficacy Ratio =

2. Drop Out Ratio =

3. Programme Effectiveness =

4. Requirements for Vaccine =

1. Evaluation of Contraceptive Methods =

2. Annual Obstetric Coverage in a Community =

Sullivan’s Index: It is known as expectation of life free of disability.

1. Proportional Mortality Rate =

2. Loss of Expectation of Life =

3. C.N.D. Incidence Rate =

4. Age Specific Death Rate =

5. CHD Prevalence Rate =

(Cardiovascular survey methods of Rose & Blackburn 1968) 6. Measurement of Risk Factor Level =

1. Socio-Economic Birth Weight Quotient =

2. Physical Quality of Life Index = PQLI includes:

3. Human Development Index = HDI includes = Life expectancy at one year. Education status of people and purchasing power of people (Adjusted Real Income) Low HDI countries – HDI Less than 500 Medium HDI countries – HDI 500 to 799 High HDI countries – HDI More than 800 4. Intervention Index =

5. Double Population Expected in the Years =

6. Dependency Ratio =

7. Improvident Maternity Incidence =

(Improvident maternity child birth occurring to women who had already given birth to three children of whom at least one was alive.)

8. Estimation of Eligible for immunization and Other Programmes =

• (i) No. of pregnant women = Total population x Birth Rate in decimal
• (ii) No. of children at one year = Population x Birth Rate x (1-Infant Mortality Rate) (B. R. & I. M. R. in decimals)
• (iii) No. of children at 5 years = Population x Birth Rate x (1-I. M. R.) x (1-age specific death rates) Or roughly
• No. of children at 5 years Infants No. x 0.984
• (iv) No. of children at 10 years = No. of children at 5 years x 0.966
• (v) No. of children at 16 years = No. of children at 10 years x 0.954.

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