TISSUE

• tissue structure

• Tissue should be fresh and normal
• Autolytic changes occur after 6hrs of death
• In majority of labs , sample is collected within 4hrs after death.
• Human tissue are obtained from operation theatre or PM room

Avoid Mechanical Trauma

• Tissue is removed gently to avoid trauma to the specimen caused by crushing or tearing. This applies both during surgery and during any further dissection that may be required of a fresh specimen.
• Specimen is damaged before fixation by crushing or tearing during removal.

Prevent Specimen Drying

• Specimen is not allowed to dry out prior to fixation. If immediate fixation is not practicable, gauze moistened with saline can be used to prevent this.
• Specimen is left on absorbent surface for some time prior to fixation.

Avoid Heat Damage

• As far as possible avoid local heat damage to specimens (some damage by cautery may be unavoidable).
• Any unnecessary local heat applied to tissue will cause damage. Fresh tissue is particularly susceptible.

Avoid Chemical Damage

• Avoid contaminating fresh specimens with foreign chemicals or substances such as disinfectants.
• The surface of unfixed tissue can be easily penetrated and damaged by foreign reagents or substances.

Label Specimens Properly

• Each specimen should be properly identified and all details recorded as soon as possible.
• Recording of specimen details is delayed and the information provided is incomplete.

Ensure Prompt Fixation

• Fixation is always carried out promptly. If it is necessary that a specimen remains unfixed for a short period of time, it should be refrigerated at 4 °C.
• Fixation is delayed (degeneration of tissue elements commences as soon as the specimen is deprived of a blood supply).

Use Sufficient Fixative and a Suitable Container

• An adequate volume of fixative (ratio of at least 20:1) is used in a container of an appropriate size. This avoids distortion of the fresh specimen and ensures good quality fixation.
• Specimens are sometimes squashed into a small container with insufficient fixative to cover the specimen surface.

Check Fixative pH

• The fixative is of high quality and at the optimal pH.
• The fixative is of poor quality and unknown pH. If formalin is used at acid pH it rapidly produces “formalin pigment” by reaction with hemoglobin. Near neutral solutions will still produce the pigment but much more slowly. In good histological preparations, formalin pigment should be removed prior to staining.