Ithkuil : case morphology
HINDI PRONOUN
Hindi (Devanagari: हिन्दी, IAST/ISO 15919: Hindī), or more precisely Modern Standard Hindi (Devanagari: मानक हिन्दी, IAST/ISO 15919: Mānak Hindī), is an Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in India. Hindi has been described as a standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language, which itself is based primarily on the Khariboli dialect of Delhi and neighbouring areas of Northern India.
FIRST PERSON
ITHKUIL CASES
TRANSRELATIVE CASES
| case | Oblique case | – | – | – |
| case | Inducive case | – | – | – |
| case | Absolutive case | – | – | – |
| case | Ergative case | – | – | – |
| case | effectuative case | – | – | – |
| case | affective case | – | – | – |
| case | dative case | – | – | – |
| case | instrumental case | – | – | – |
| case | activative case | – | – | – |
| case | derivative case | – | – | – |
| case | situative case | – | – | – |
POSESSIVE CASES
| case | Posessive | – | – | – |
| case | proprieative | – | – | – |
| case | genitive | – | – | – |
| case | attributive | – | – | – |
| case | productive | – | – | – |
| case | interpretative | – | – | – |
| case | originative | – | – | – |
ASSOCIATIVE CASES
| case | Partitive case | – | – | – |
| case | contrastive case | – | – | – |
| case | compositive case | – | – | – |
| case | predicative case | – | – | – |
| case | mediative case | – | – | – |
| case | applicative case | – | – | – |
| case | purposive case | – | – | – |
| case | considerative case | – | – | – |
| case | essive case | – | – | – |
| case | assimilative case | – | – | – |
| case | functive case | – | – | – |
| case | transformative case | – | – | – |
| case | referential case | – | – | – |
| case | classificative case | – | – | – |
| case | conductive case | – | – | – |
| case | interdependent case | – | – | – |
| case | benefactive case | – | – | – |
| case | transpositive case | – | – | – |
| case | commutative case | – | – | – |
| case | comitative case | – | – | – |
| case | conjunctive case | – | – | – |
| case | utilitative case | – | – | – |
| case | abessive case | – | – | – |
| case | conversive case | – | – | – |
| case | correlative case | – | – | – |
| case | dependent case | – | – | – |
| case | provisional case | – | – | – |
| case | postulative case | – | – | – |
| case | concessive case | – | – | – |
| case | expective case | – | – | – |
| case | aversive case | – | – | – |
| case | comparative case | – | – | – |
TEMPORAL CASES
| case | simultaneitive case | – | – | – |
| case | asessive case | – | – | – |
| case | concursive case | – | – | – |
| case | accessive case | – | – | – |
| case | diffusive case | – | – | – |
| case | periodic case | – | – | – |
| case | prolapsive case | – | – | – |
| case | precursive case | – | – | – |
| case | postcursive case | – | – | – |
| case | elapsive case | – | – | – |
| case | allapsive case | – | – | – |
| case | interpolative case | – | – | – |
| case | episodic case | – | – | – |
| case | prolimitive case | – | – | – |
| case | limitative case | – | – | – |
SPATIAL CASES
| case | locative case | – | – | – |
| case | orientative case | – | – | – |
| case | procursive case | – | – | – |
| case | allative case | – | – | – |
| case | ablative case | – | – | – |
| case | navigative case | – | – | – |
PRIMARY CASES
| cases | case name | SINGULAR | DUAL | PLURAL |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| case 1 | Direct/nominative (कर्ता) |  |  |  |
| मैं | हम दोनों | हम | ||
| case 2 | Oblique/object/accusative/कर्म |  |  |  |
| मुझे - mujhe | हम दोनों के | हम / हमारे | ||
| case 3 | instrumental/करण |  |  |  |
| मुझसे / मेरेसे | हम दोनों से | हमसे / हमोंसे | ||
| case 4 | dative /संप्रदान |  |  |  |
| मुझे / मुझको / मेरेको , लिए , मुझको } | हम दोनों को | हमें / हमको / हमारेको | ||
| case 5 | ablative /अपदान |  |  |  |
| मुझसे | हम दोनों से | हमसे / हमोंसे | ||
| case 6 | genitive /संबंध |  |  |  |
| मेरा / मेरी } | हम दोनों का / कि | हमारे हमारी / हमारीं | ||
| case 7 | inessive /अधिकरण |  |  |  |
| मुझमें | हम दोनों में | हममें / हमारेमें | ||
| case 8 | adessive /अधिकरण | – | – | |
| मुझपर | हम दोनों पर | हमपर / हमपे / हमारेपर / हमारेपे | ||
| case 9 | Terminative(अंतिम) | — | – | — |
| मुझतक | हम दोनों तक | हुमतक | ||
| case 10 | ergative | – | – | – |
| मैंने | हम दोनों ने | हमने | ||
| case 11 | semblative(सदृश्य) | – | – | – |
| मुझसा | हम दोनों सा | हमसा | ||
| case 12 | vocative/संबोधन | – | – | – |
| हे | । |
SECONDARY POSTPOSITIONS
| case 12 | orientative | – | – | – | |
| मेरे तरफ | – | – | orientative marker; towards, | ||
| case 13 | innesive | – | – | – | |
| मेरे अंदर | – | – | inessive marker; inside, | ||
| case 14 | elative | – | – | – | |
| मेरे बाहर | – | – | elative marker outside | ||
| case 15 | adessive | – | – | – | |
| मेरे बगल | – | – | adessive marker adjacent | ||
| case 16 | apudessive | – | – | – | |
| मेरे आगे | – | – | apudessive marker; in front of, ahead of, | ||
| case 17 | superessive | – | – | – | |
| मेरे ऊपर | – | – | superessive marker; on top of, above | ||
| case 18 | subessive | – | – | – | |
| मेरे नीचे | – | – | subessive marker; beneath, below | ||
| case 19 | abessive | – | – | – | |
| मेरे बिना , बगैर | – | – | abessive marker; without | ||
| case 20 | antessive | – | – | – | |
| मेरे बाद | – | – | antessive marker; after | ||
| case 21 | adessive | – | – | – | |
| मेरे पास | – | – | adessive marker; near | ||
| case 22 | semblative | – | – | – | |
| मेरे जैसा | – | – | semblative marker, like similar to | ||
| case 23 | beneficative | – | – | – | |
| मेरे लिए | – | – | benefactive marker; for | ||
| case 24 | postessive | – | – | – | |
| सामने | – | – | postessive case facing, opposite, infront, etc.[23] | ||
| case 25 | pertingent | – | – | – | |
| पीछे | – | – | pertingent marker; behind | ||
| case 26 | perlative | – | – | – | |
| द्वारा | – | – | perlative marker; via, through, by |
| mantrakshar | Compound Postpositions | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| kī taraf | orientative marker; towards, | |
| ke andar | inessive marker; inside, | |
| ke bāhar | elative marker outside | |
| ke baġal | adessive marker adjacent | |
| ke āge | apudessive marker; in front of, ahead of, | |
| ke ūpar | superessive marker; on top of, above | |
| ke nīce | subessive marker; beneath, below | |
| ke binā/baġair | abessive marker; without | |
| ke bāre | concerning (something) | |
| ke bād | antessive marker; after | |
| ke pās | adessive marker; near | |
| ke jaisā | semblative marker, like similar to | |
| ke liye | benefactive marker; for | |
| ke sāmne | postessive case facing, opposite, infront, etc.[23] | |
| ke pīche | pertingent marker; behind | |
| ke dvārā/zariye |
TERTIARY POSTPOSITION
| mantrakshar | Compound Postpositions | Marker | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| ke bāre mẽ | about | regarding/concerning/about something | |
| ke bād mẽ | antessive marker; after (emphatic) | (in a sequence) something is after something | |
| ke sāth mẽ | sociative marker; with (emphatic) | something is along/together with something else | |
| ke nīce mẽ | subessive marker; beneath, below (emphatic) | location of something is below something else | |
| kī vajah se | causal marker, because of | something happens/ed because of (fault of) something else | |
| ke pīche se | postelative marker; from behind | motion/movement from behind something | |
| ke andar se | inessive marker; inside, | motion/movement from inside something | |
| ke āge se | from infront | motion/movement from infront of something | |
| ke pās se | adelative marker; from near (something) | motion/movement near something | |
| ke nīce se | subessive marker; beneath, below | motion/movement from below something | |
| ke ūpar se | delative marker; from above | motion/movement from above something | |
| ke ūpar ko | sublative marker; | motion/movement onto a surface | |
| kī taraf ko | towards [a direction] (emphatic) | motion/movement towards a direction |
SECOND PERSON
| cases | case name | SINGULAR | DUAL | PLURAL |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| case 1 | direct |  |  |  |
| तू / तुम | तुम दोनों | तुम | ||
| case 2 | Oblique | | | |
| तुझ / तेरे | तुम्हारे | |||
| case 3 | instrumental |  |  |  |
| तुझसे,तेरेसे ,तुमसे ,तुम्हारेसे | तुम दोनों से | तुमसे ,तुम्हारेसे | ||
| case 4 | dative |  |  |  |
| तुम्हें / तुमको / तुम्हारेको, तुझको | तुम दोनों को | तुम्हें / तुमको / तुम्हारेको | ||
| case 5 | ablative |  |  |  |
| तुझसे / तेरेसे | तुम दोनों से | तुमसे / तुम्हारेसे | ||
| case 6 | genitive |  |  |  |
| तेरा , तेरी | तुम दोनों का | तुम्हारा , तुम्हारी | ||
| case 7 | locative-in |  |  |  |
| तुझमें | तुम दोनों में | तुममें | ||
| case 8 | locative-on | – | – | – |
| तुझपर | तुम दोनों पर | |||
| case 9 | Terminative | — | – | — |
| तुमतक | तुम दोनों तक | तुम तक | ||
| case 10 | ergative | – | – | – |
| तुमने | हम दोनों ने | तुमने |
HONORARY PRONOUNS
| ‘case’ विभक्ति | Singular एकवचनम् | Dual द्विवचनम् | Plural बहुवचनम् |
|---|---|---|---|
| First (or Direct case) प्रथमा | आप | आप | आप |
 |  |  |
|
| Second (or Oblique case) द्वितीया | आप | आप | आप |
| Third (or instrumental case) तृतीया | आपसे | आप दोनों से | आपो से |
 |  |  |
|
| Fourth (or Dative case) चतुर्थी | आपको | आपको | आपको |
 |  |  |
|
| Fifth (or Ablative case) पञ्चमी | आपसे | आप दोनों से | आप लोगों से |
 |  |  |
|
| Sixth (or genitive case) षष्ठी | आपका / आपकी | आपके / आपकीं | |
 |  |  |
|
| Seventh (or Locative case) सप्तमी | आपमें | आप दोनों में | आप लोगों में |
 |  |  |
THIRD PERSON
Hindi Pronoun Formation
| इस /this | उस/that | इन/these | उन/those | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| का(of) | इसका (of this) | उसका | इनका | उनका |
| की | इसकी | उसकी | इनकी | उनकी |
| के | इसके | उसके | इनके | उनके |
| को | इसको (for this) | उसको | इनको | उनको |
| से | इससे (by this) | उससे | इनसे | उनसे |
| सा | इससा(like this) | उससा | इनसा | उनसा |
| में | इसमें (In This) | उसमें | इनमें | उनमें |
| पर | इसपर (on this) | उसपर | इनपर | उनपर |
| ने | इसने | उसने | इन्होंने | उन्होंने |
Interrogative
| किस | जिस | किन | जिन | सब | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| का | किसका | जिसका | किनका | जिनका | सबका |
| की | किसकी | जिसकी | किनकी | जिनकी | सबकी |
| के | किसके | जिसकी | किनकी | जिनकी | सबकी |
| को | किसको | जिसको | किनको | जिनको | सबको |
| पर | किसपर | जिसपर | किनपर | जिनपर | सबपर |
| में | किसमें | जिसमें | किनमे | जिनमें | सबमें |
| से | किससे | जिससे | किनसे | जिनसे | सबसे |
| सा | किससा | जिससा | किनसा | जिनसा | सबसा |
| ने | किसने | जिसने | किन्होंने | जिन्होंने | सबने |
| तक | किसतक | जिसतक | किनतक | जिनतक | सबतक |