1.lith,petra,calculus,calcium 2. पथ्थर, 3. .. Examples .. 1.phlebolith,gastrolith,cholelithiasis(gallstones),ureteric calculus , phosphate calculus, 2.petrous bone
SUch kind of Minerals as are hard and friable are called STONES,*Petrifie, Quarry: to which EARTHY CONCRETIONS may be annexed by way of affinity, being more soft and brittle, and of a middle nature betwixt Stones and Metals.
Stones may be distinguished into such as are VULGAR, and of no price. I. MIDDLE-prized. II. PRECIOUS; either LESS TRANSPARENT. III. MORE TRANSPARENT. IV. Earthy Concretions are either DISSOLVIBLE. V. NOT DISSOLVIBLE. VI. I. VULGAR STONES, or such as are of little or no price, are distin∣guishable from their different Magnitudes, Uses, Consistences,*into the
Greater Magnitudes of Stone; used either about Buildings; whether of Walls; chiefly, being of a Softer consistence; ‖ whether natural, or factitious. 1. FREE-STONE. BRICK. Harder consistence; not easily yielding to the Tool of the Work∣man, growing ‖ either in Greater masses; 2. RAGG. Lesser masses; whether such as are for their figure More knobbed and unequal; used for the striking of fire, ‖ ei∣ther the more common which is less heavy, or the less common which is more heavy, as having something in it of a metalline mixture. 3. FLINT. MARCHASITE, Fire-stone. More round and even; 4. PIBBLE, Thunderbolt. Roof or Pavement; being of a laminated figure, ‖ either natural, or factitious. 5. SLATE. TILE. Metals, either for the Sharpning or trying of them. 6. WHET-STONE. TOUCH-STONE. Polishing or cutting of them; ‖ being either of a more spungy and soft, or of a more hard consistence. 7. PUMICE. EMRY. Lesser Magnitudes; ‖ either more, or less minute. 8. SAND, Grit. GRAVEL. Page 62 *II. MIDDLE-PRIZED STONES are either of a
Shining Politure, or capable of it; whether of a Simple white colour, and more soft consistence. 1. ALABASTER. Sometime white, sometime black or green, and sometime variegated with veins; growing in ‖ greater, or lesser Masses. 2. MARBLE, Porphyrie. AGAT. Spotted; ‖ with Red upon a Greenish colour, or with spots of Gold-colour upon Blew. 3. JASPIS, Heliotrope. LAZUL, Azure-stone. Transparency: either Brittle; ‖ whether natural, or factitious. 4. CRYSTAL-ine. GLASS, Vitrifie. Fissil, into Flakes, ‖ either greater, or lesser. 5. SELENITE, Muscovia glass, Isingglass, Sparr. TALC. Relation to Metals; ‖ attracting of Iron, or making of Brass. 6. LOAD-STONE, Magnet-ical, Compass. CADMIA, Calaminaris. Incombustible nature. 7. AMIANTUS, Asbestus. Strange Original; not being properly Minerals, though usually rec∣koned amongst them; but either a sub-marine Plant; or supposed to proceed from a liquid Bitumen. 8. CORAL-ine. AMBER. There are several other kinds of Stony Consistences mentioned in the Authors who write de Lapidibus. Some that are found in the Bodies of Animals, their Stomachs, Guts, Bladders, Kidneys, &c. several of which are denominated from the Animals in which they are found; as Alectorius, Chelidonius, Bezoar, &c. Others have peculiar names from their shapes; as Astroides, Glossopetra, &c. Others made of Animals or parts of Animals petrified, which may be sufficiently expressed, without being particularly provided for in the Tables.
Page 63 III. PRECIOUS STONES, Gemms, Iewels, are such as,*for their rarity and beauty, are every where more esteemed: amongst which some are LESS TRANSPARENT, which are distinguishable chiefly by their Colours: either
Representing variety of Colours with dimness, ‖ less, or more. 1. OPAL. CATS-EYES. Of particular Colours. Whitish and shining; though this be not properly a Mineral, but a part of a testaceous Fish. 2. PEARL. Red. 3. SARDIUS, Cornelian, Bloud-stone. Pale Fleshy colour, like that of a man's nail. 4. ONYX. Blewish. 5. TURCOIS. Pale Purple. 6. CHALCEDONY. As for that which is commonly styled a Toadstone; this is properly a tooth of the Fish called Lupus marinus, as hath been made evident to the Royal Society by that Learned and inquisitive person DrMerit.
IV. MORE TRANSPARENT Gemms;* may be distinguished into such as are either
Colourless: ‖ either most hard and bright; or that which is very like to this in other respects, but onely less hard and bright. 1. DIAMOND, Adamant. SAPHIRE WHITE. Coloured; to be ranged according to the order of the colours in the Rainbow. Red; of a lustre ‖ greater, or less. 2. RUBY, Carbuncle. RANATE. Yellow▪ whether paler, or deeper. 3. CHRYSOLITE. TOPAZ. Green; ‖ either most bright and pleasant, or of a darker kind of Sea-green. 4. EMERALD, Smaragd. BERYL. Blewish. 5. SAPHIRE. Purple or Violaceous; more inclining ‖ to Blew, or to Yellow. 6. AMETHYST. HYACINTH. Page 64 *V. Such EARTHY CONCRETIONS as commonly grow in Mines, together with such other factitious Substances as have some analo∣gy to these, and are DISSOLVIBLE by Fire or Water, may be distin∣guished by their being
Not inflammable: More simple; being several kinds of Salt, ‖ whether of the Sea-water, the most necessary Condiment for Meat; or of the Air, used as a chief ingredient in the making of Gunpowder. 1. SALT, Brine. NITRE, Salt-peter. Earth; ‖ of a styptic quality and abstersive, proper for the drying of Wounds, commonly boiled up into a consistence from a mine∣ral water; or that other kind of Earthy Salt dug up in great lumps. 2. ALUME. SAL GEMMAE. Metals of all kinds, sometimes called Sugars and Crystals; but a∣greeing in the common nature with that which is styled 3. VITRIOL, Chalchanthus, Copperas. Vegetables; made ‖ either by fermentation, or by burning. 4. TARTAR. ALCALI. Animal Substances, made by Distillation, called 5. URINOUS SALT. More mixed of other Salts; ‖ more volatile, or fixed. 6. SAL AMMONIAC. CHRYSOCOLLA, Borax. Inflammable; of a more Dry consistence, and Yellowish colour. 7. SULPHUR, Brimstone. Clammy and tenacious consistence Not sweet-sented; ‖ more solid, or more liquid. 8. BITUMEN-inous. NAPHTHA. Sweet-sented. 9. AMBERGRIS, *VI. EARTHY CONCRETIONS NOT DISSOLVIBLE may be distinguished by their various Colours; being either
White and soft according to degrees, ‖ more, or less. 1. CHALK. MARLE. Yellowish red, whether more yellow, or more red 2. OKER, Yellow oker. RED OKER, Ruddie. Black; of a finer or courser grain. 3. JETT. PIT-COAL, Sea-coal. Gold-colour, of a poisonous nature, ‖ either as it is dug out of the Earth, or as it is sublimed. 4. ORPIMENT, Auripigmentum. ARSENIC, Rats-bane. Reddish; often found in the same Mines with Orpiment. 5. SANDARACH. Page 65 OF METALS. METAL is a Mineral, for the most part, of a hard consistence, close, ductil, and fusil:* It is distinguishable into
Perfect▪ NATURAL. I. FACTITIOUS. II. Imperfect, with reference to METALLINE KINDS. III. RECREMENTITIOUS PARTS. IV.
These are either
More rare and precious; of a Yellowish colour, most heavy, not growing in any particular Mines, where 'tis imbased with any drossy mixture: but found pure, either in small sands, or rocky branches. 1. GOLD, Gilt, Or. Whitish, and next in value to Gold, not subject to rust, and of a plea∣sant sound. 2. SILVER, Argent. Of a middle value; of a Whitish colour, and more soft consistence. 3. TINN, Stannery. Reddish colour, the first material of Mony. 4. COPPER. Most base and common: Of a softer consistence, and a darkish colour, not sonorous. 5. LEAD, Plummer. Of a harder consistence, being the common matter for Weapons and Tools. 6. IRON.
Copper and Lapis calaminaris. 1. BRASS, Brasier. Tinn, Lead, and Tin-glass. 2. PEWTER-er. Iron depurated by frequent heating, and beating, and boiling with Salts. 3. STEEL. Page 66
Fluid.
MERCURY, Quick-silver. Solid and consistent; used for Purging, and chiefly for Vomiting.
ANTIMONY-al. Making of Pewter, being of shining brittle substance.
BISMUTE, Tin glass. Making of Soder, being like Tinn, but more hard and brittle.
SPELTER, Zink, Spalt. Painting; ‖ considered according to its natural state, being the Oar of Quick-silver, and of a Dark red: or else as it is prepared by grinding, which renders it of a Bright red.
CINNABAR, Rudle. VERMILION. Writing; not known to the Ancients, and therefore without any Latin or Greek name.
BLACK-LEAD.
Preparation of them, by Melting; being of parts More large and united; a kind of scum arising from the separation of impurer mixtures in the fusion of Metals, chiefly in the pur∣ging of Silver from Lead.
LITHARGE. More minute and separate; being a concretion of the lesser parts of Copper, which fly out when that Metal is in fusion; ‖ either the heavier parts, which by their gravity descend to the floor: or the more light and volatile parts, which adhere to the roof or walls.
SPODIUM. POMPHOLYX. Beating or hammering.
SCORIA, Scales. Corruption of them; according to the General name.
RUST, Canker. Particular kinds; proceeding either of Copper and Brass, or of Lead.
VERDIGREECE, Aerugo. CERUSE, White lead.