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| en:cell_types [2024/07/31 13:35] – brahmantra | en:cell_types [] () – - () 127.0.0.1 | ||
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| - | ====== LIST OF DISTINCT CELL TYPES ====== | ||
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| - | ===== Cells derived primarily from endoderm ===== | ||
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| - | ==== Exocrine secretory epithelial cells. ==== | ||
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| - | ^ ^ function ^ Location ^ analogy ^ cartoon ^ | ||
| - | | Brunner' | ||
| - | | Insulated goblet cell of respiratory and digestive tracts | (mucus secretion) | | | | | ||
| - | | Foveolar cell | (mucus secretion) | stomach | | | | ||
| - | | Chief cell | pepsinogen | stomach | | | | ||
| - | | Parietal cell | gastric acid or hcl | stomach | | | | ||
| - | | Pancreatic acinar cell (bicarbonate and digestive enzyme secretion) | enzymes | | | | | ||
| - | | Paneth cell of small intestine | lysozyme | | | | | ||
| - | | Type II pneumocyte of lung | surfactant | | | | | ||
| - | | Club cell of lung | | | | | | ||
| - | |||
| - | ==== Barrier cells ==== | ||
| - | * Type I pneumocyte (lung) | ||
| - | * Gall bladder epithelial cell | ||
| - | * Centroacinar cell (pancreas) | ||
| - | * Intercalated duct cell (pancreas) | ||
| - | * Intestinal brush border cell (with microvilli) | ||
| - | ==== Hormone-secreting cells ==== | ||
| - | |||
| - | === Enteroendocrine cell === | ||
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| - | ^ ^ function ^ Location ^ analogy ^ cartoon ^ | ||
| - | | K cell | (secretes gastric inhibitory peptide) | Duodenum | | | | ||
| - | | L cell | (secretes glucagon-like peptide-1, peptide YY3-36, oxyntomodulin, | ||
| - | | I cell | (secretes cholecystokinin (CCK)) | stomach | | | | ||
| - | | G cell | secretes gastrin | stomach | | | | ||
| - | | Enterochromaffin cell | (secretes serotonin | stomach | | | | ||
| - | | Enterochromaffin-like cell | (secretes histamine) | | | | | ||
| - | | N cell | (secretes neurotensin) | | | | | ||
| - | | S cell | (secretes secretin) | | | | | ||
| - | | D cell | (secretes somatostatin) | | | | | ||
| - | | Mo cell (or M cell) | (secretes motilin) | | | | | ||
| - | | vasoactive intestinal peptide, | ||
| - | | substance P, | ||
| - | | alpha and gamma-endorphin, | ||
| - | | bombesin | | | | | | ||
| - | |||
| - | === Thyroid gland cells === | ||
| - | |||
| - | * Thyroid epithelial cell | ||
| - | * Parafollicular cell | ||
| - | === Parathyroid gland cells === | ||
| - | * Parathyroid chief cell | ||
| - | * Oxyphil cell | ||
| - | === Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) === | ||
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| - | * Alpha cell (secretes glucagon) | ||
| - | * Beta cell (secretes insulin and amylin) | ||
| - | * Delta cell (secretes somatostatin) | ||
| - | * Epsilon cell (secretes ghrelin) | ||
| - | * PP cell (gamma cell) (secretes pancreatic polypeptide) | ||
| - | ===== Cells derived primarily from ectoderm ===== | ||
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| - | ==== Exocrine secretory epithelial cells ==== | ||
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| - | ^ ^ function ^ Location ^ analogy ^ cartoon ^ | ||
| - | | Salivary gland mucous cell | | | | | | ||
| - | | Salivary gland serous cell | | | | | | ||
| - | | Von Ebner' | ||
| - | | Mammary gland cell (milk secretion) | | | | | | ||
| - | | Lacrimal gland cell (tear secretion) | | | | | | ||
| - | | Ceruminous gland cell in ear (earwax secretion) | | | | | | ||
| - | | Eccrine sweat gland dark cell (glycoprotein secretion) | | | | | | ||
| - | | Eccrine sweat gland clear cell (small molecule secretion) | | | | | | ||
| - | | Apocrine sweat gland cell (odoriferous secretion, sex-hormone sensitive) | | | | | | ||
| - | | Gland of Moll cell in eyelid (specialized sweat gland) | | | | | | ||
| - | | Sebaceous gland cell (lipid-rich sebum secretion) | | | | | | ||
| - | | Bowman' | ||
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| - | ==== Hormone-secreting cells ==== | ||
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| - | === Anterior/ | ||
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| - | * Corticotropes | ||
| - | * Gonadotropes | ||
| - | * Lactotropes | ||
| - | * Melanotropes | ||
| - | * Somatotropes | ||
| - | * Thyrotropes | ||
| - | * Magnocellular neurosecretory cells, secrete oxytocin and vasopressin | ||
| - | * Parvocellular neurosecretory cells, secrete thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), vasopressin, | ||
| - | * Chromaffin cells (adrenal gland) | ||
| - | ==== Epithelial cells ==== | ||
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| - | * Keratinocyte (differentiating epidermal cell) | ||
| - | * Epidermal basal cell (stem cell) | ||
| - | * Melanocyte | ||
| - | === Trichocyte (gives rise to hair and nail cells) === | ||
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| - | ^ ^ function ^ Location ^ analogy ^ cartoon ^ | ||
| - | | Medullary hair shaft cell | | | | | | ||
| - | | Cortical hair shaft cell | | | | | | ||
| - | | Cuticular hair shaft cell | | | | | | ||
| - | | Huxley' | ||
| - | | Henle' | ||
| - | | Outer root sheath hair cell | | | | | | ||
| - | | Surface epithelial cell of cornea, tongue, mouth, nasal cavity, distal anal canal, distal urethra, and distal vagina | | | | | | ||
| - | | basal cell (stem cell) of cornea, tongue, mouth, nasal cavity, distal anal canal, distal urethra, and distal vagina | | | | | | ||
| - | | Intercalated duct cell (salivary glands) | | | | | | ||
| - | | Striated duct cell (salivary glands) | | | | | | ||
| - | | Lactiferous duct cell (mammary glands) | | | | | | ||
| - | | Ameloblast (deposit tooth enamel) | | | | | | ||
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| - | ==== Oral cells ==== | ||
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| - | Odontoblast (tooth dentin formation) | ||
| - | Cementoblast (tooth cementum formation) | ||
| - | ==== Nervous system ==== | ||
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| - | There are nerve cells, also known as neurons, present in our human body. They are branched out. These cells make up nervous tissue. A neuron consists of a cell body with a nucleus and cytoplasm, from which long thin hair-like parts arise. | ||
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| - | === Sensory transducer cells === | ||
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| - | ^ ^ function ^ Location ^ analogy ^ cartoon ^ | ||
| - | | Auditory inner hair cells of organ of Corti | | | | | | ||
| - | | Auditory outer hair cells of organ of Corti | | | | | | ||
| - | | Basal cells of olfactory epithelium (stem cell for olfactory neurons) | | | | | | ||
| - | | Cold-sensitive primary sensory neurons | | | | | | ||
| - | | Heat-sensitive primary sensory neurons | | | | | | ||
| - | | Merkel cells of epidermis | | | | | | ||
| - | | Olfactory receptor neurons | | | | | | ||
| - | | Pain-sensitive primary sensory neurons | | | | | | ||
| - | | Photoreceptor cells of retina in eye: | ||
| - | | Photoreceptor rod cells | | | | | | ||
| - | | Photoreceptor blue-sensitive cone cells of eye | | | | | | ||
| - | | Photoreceptor green-sensitive cone cells of eye | | | | | | ||
| - | | Photoreceptor red-sensitive cone cells of eye | | | | | | ||
| - | | Proprioceptive primary sensory neurons | | | | | | ||
| - | | Touch-sensitive primary sensory neuronss | | | | | | ||
| - | | Chemoreceptor glomus cells of carotid body cell (blood pH sensor) | | | | | | ||
| - | | Outer hair cells of vestibular system of ear (acceleration and gravity) | | | | | | ||
| - | | Inner hair cells of vestibular system of ear (acceleration and gravity) | | | | | | ||
| - | | Taste receptor cells of taste bud | | | | | | ||
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| - | === Autonomic neuron cells === | ||
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| - | * Cholinergic neurons (various types) | ||
| - | * Adrenergic neural cells (various types) | ||
| - | * Peptidergic neural cells (various types) | ||
| - | === Sense organ and peripheral neuron supporting cells === | ||
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| - | ^ ^ function ^ Location ^ analogy ^ cartoon ^ | ||
| - | | Inner pillar cells of organ of Corti | | | | | | ||
| - | | Outer pillar cells of organ of Corti | | | | | | ||
| - | | Inner phalangeal cells of organ of Corti | | | | | | ||
| - | | Outer phalangeal cells of organ of Corti | | | | | | ||
| - | | Border cells of organ of Corti | | | | | | ||
| - | | Hensen' | ||
| - | | Vestibular apparatus supporting cells | | | | | | ||
| - | | Taste bud supporting cells | | | | | | ||
| - | | Olfactory epithelium supporting cells | | | | | | ||
| - | | Olfactory ensheathing cells | | | | | | ||
| - | | Schwann cells | | | | | | ||
| - | | Satellite glial cells | | | | | | ||
| - | | Enteric glial cells | | | | | | ||
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| - | === Central nervous system neurons and glial cells === | ||
| - | * Neuron cells (large variety of types, still poorly classified) | ||
| - | === Interneurons === | ||
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| - | ^ ^ function ^ Location ^ analogy ^ cartoon ^ | ||
| - | | Basket cells | | | | | | ||
| - | | Cartwheel cells | | | | | | ||
| - | | Stellate cells | | | | | | ||
| - | | Golgi cells | | | | | | ||
| - | | Granule cells | | | | | | ||
| - | | Lugaro cells | | | | | | ||
| - | | Unipolar brush cells | | | | | | ||
| - | | Martinotti cells | | | | | | ||
| - | | Chandelier cells | | | | | | ||
| - | | Cajal–Retzius cells | | | | | | ||
| - | | Double-bouquet cells | | | | | | ||
| - | | Neurogliaform cells | | | | | | ||
| - | | Retina horizontal cells | | | | | | ||
| - | | Amacrine cells | | | | | | ||
| - | | Starburst amacrine cells | | | | | | ||
| - | | Spinal interneurons | | | | | | ||
| - | | Renshaw cells | | | | | | ||
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| - | === Principal cells === | ||
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| - | ^ ^ function ^ Location ^ analogy ^ cartoon ^ | ||
| - | | Spindle neurons | | | | | | ||
| - | | Fork neurons | | | | | | ||
| - | | Pyramidal cells | | | | | | ||
| - | | Place cells | | | | | | ||
| - | | Grid cells | | | | | | ||
| - | | Speed cells | | | | | | ||
| - | | Head direction cells | | | | | | ||
| - | | Betz cells | | | | | | ||
| - | | Stellate cells | | | | | | ||
| - | | Boundary cells | | | | | | ||
| - | | Bushy cells | | | | | | ||
| - | | Purkinje cells | | | | | | ||
| - | | Medium spiny neurons | | | | | | ||
| - | | Astrocytes | | | | | | ||
| - | | Oligodendrocytes | | | | | | ||
| - | | Ependymal cells | | | | | | ||
| - | | Tanycytes | | | | | | ||
| - | | Pituicytes | | | | | | ||
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| - | === Lens cells === | ||
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| - | * Anterior lens epithelial cell | ||
| - | * Crystallin-containing lens fiber cell | ||
| - | ===== Cells derived primarily from mesoderm ===== | ||
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| - | ==== Metabolism and storage cells ==== | ||
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| - | * Adipocytes: | ||
| - | * White fat cell | ||
| - | * Brown fat cell | ||
| - | * Liver lipocyte | ||
| - | ==== Secretory cells ==== | ||
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| - | ^ ^ function ^ Location ^ analogy ^ cartoon ^ | ||
| - | | Cells of the Adrenal cortex | | | | | | ||
| - | | Cells of the Zona glomerulosa produce mineralocorticoids | | | | | | ||
| - | | Cells of the Zona fasciculata produce glucocorticoids | | | | | | ||
| - | | Cells of the Zona reticularis produce androgens | | | | | | ||
| - | | Theca interna cell of ovarian follicle secreting estrogen | | | | | | ||
| - | | Corpus luteum cell of ruptured ovarian follicle secreting progesterone | | | | | | ||
| - | | Granulosa lutein cells | | | | | | ||
| - | | Theca lutein cells | | | | | | ||
| - | | Leydig cell of testes secreting testosterone | | | | | | ||
| - | | Seminal vesicle cell (secretes seminal fluid components, including fructose for swimming sperm) | | | | | | ||
| - | | Prostate gland cell (secretes seminal fluid components) | | | | | | ||
| - | | Bulbourethral gland cell (mucus secretion) | | | | | | ||
| - | | Bartholin' | ||
| - | | Gland of Littre cell (mucus secretion) | | | | | | ||
| - | | Uterus endometrium cell (carbohydrate secretion) | | | | | | ||
| - | | Juxtaglomerular cell (renin secretion) | | | | | | ||
| - | | Macula densa cell of kidney | | | | | | ||
| - | | Peripolar cell of kidney | | | | | | ||
| - | | Mesangial cell of kidney | | | | | | ||
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| - | ==== Barrier cells ==== | ||
| - | === Urinary system === | ||
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| - | * Parietal epithelial cell | ||
| - | * Podocyte | ||
| - | * Proximal tubule brush border cell | ||
| - | * Loop of Henle thin segment cell | ||
| - | * Kidney distal tubule cell | ||
| - | * Kidney collecting duct cell | ||
| - | * Principal cell | ||
| - | * Intercalated cell | ||
| - | * Transitional epithelium (lining urinary bladder) | ||
| - | === Reproductive system === | ||
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| - | * Duct cell (of seminal vesicle, prostate gland, etc.) | ||
| - | * Efferent ducts cell | ||
| - | * Epididymal principal cell | ||
| - | * Epididymal basal cell | ||
| - | === Circulatory system === | ||
| - | * Endothelial cells | ||
| - | ==== Extracellular matrix cells ==== | ||
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| - | ^ ^ function ^ Location ^ analogy ^ cartoon ^ | ||
| - | | Planum semilunatum epithelial cell of vestibular system of ear (proteoglycan secretion) | | | | | | ||
| - | | Organ of Corti interdental epithelial cell (secreting tectorial membrane covering hair cells) | | | | | | ||
| - | | Loose connective tissue fibroblasts | | | | | | ||
| - | | Corneal fibroblasts (corneal keratocytes) | | | | | | ||
| - | | Tendon fibroblasts | | | | | | ||
| - | | Bone marrow reticular tissue fibroblasts | | | | | | ||
| - | | Other nonepithelial fibroblasts | | | | | | ||
| - | | Pericyte | | | | | | ||
| - | | Hepatic stellate cell (Ito cell) | | | | | | ||
| - | | Nucleus pulposus cell of intervertebral disc | | | | | | ||
| - | | Hyaline cartilage chondrocyte | | | | | | ||
| - | | Fibrocartilage chondrocyte | | | | | | ||
| - | | Elastic cartilage chondrocyte | | | | | | ||
| - | | Osteoblast/ | ||
| - | | Osteoprogenitor cell (stem cell of osteoblasts) | | | | | | ||
| - | | Hyalocyte of vitreous body of eye | | | | | | ||
| - | | Stellate cell of perilymphatic space of ear | | | | | | ||
| - | | Pancreatic stellate cell | | | | | | ||
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| - | * Note: Cephalic connective tissue and bones are derived from the Cranial neural crest which comes from the ectoderm germ layer | ||
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| - | ==== Contractile cells ==== | ||
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| - | ^ ^ function ^ Location ^ analogy ^ cartoon ^ | ||
| - | ^ Skeletal muscle cells | | | | | | ||
| - | | Red skeletal muscle cell (slow twitch) | | | | | | ||
| - | | White skeletal muscle cell (fast twitch) | | | | | | ||
| - | | Intermediate skeletal muscle cell | | | | | | ||
| - | | Nuclear bag cell of muscle spindle | | | | | | ||
| - | | Nuclear chain cell of muscle spindle | | | | | | ||
| - | | Myosatellite cell (stem cell) | | | | | | ||
| - | ^ Cardiac muscle cells | | | | | | ||
| - | | Cardiac muscle cell | | | | | | ||
| - | | SA node cell | | | | | | ||
| - | | Purkinje fiber cell | | | | | | ||
| - | ^ other | | | | | | ||
| - | | Smooth muscle cell (various types) | | | | | | ||
| - | | Myoepithelial cell of iris | | | | | | ||
| - | | Myoepithelial cell of exocrine glands | | | | | | ||
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| - | ==== Blood and immune system cells ==== | ||
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| - | ^ ^ function ^ Location ^ analogy ^ cartoon ^ | ||
| - | | Erythrocyte (red blood cell) and precursor erythroblasts | | | | | | ||
| - | | Megakaryocyte (platelet precursor) | | | | | | ||
| - | | Platelets if considered distinct cells, currently there' | ||
| - | | Monocyte (white blood cell) | | | | | | ||
| - | | Connective tissue macrophage (various types) | | | | | | ||
| - | | Epidermal Langerhans cell | | | | | | ||
| - | | Osteoclast (in bone) | | | | | | ||
| - | | Dendritic cell (in lymphoid tissues) | | | | | | ||
| - | | Microglial cell (in central nervous system) | | | | | | ||
| - | | Neutrophil granulocyte and precursors (myeloblast, | ||
| - | | Eosinophil granulocyte and precursors | | | | | | ||
| - | | Basophil granulocyte and precursors | | | | | | ||
| - | | Mast cell | | | | | | ||
| - | | Helper T cell | | | | | | ||
| - | | Regulatory T cell | | | | | | ||
| - | | Cytotoxic T cell | | | | | | ||
| - | | Natural killer T cell | | | | | | ||
| - | | B cell | | | | | | ||
| - | | Plasma cell | | | | | | ||
| - | | Natural killer cell | | | | | | ||
| - | | Hematopoietic stem cells and committed progenitors for the blood and immune system (various types) | | | | | | ||
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| - | ==== Germ cells ==== | ||
| - | |||
| - | * Oogonium/ | ||
| - | * Spermatid | ||
| - | * Spermatocyte | ||
| - | * Spermatogonium cell (stem cell for spermatocyte) | ||
| - | * Spermatozoon | ||
| - | ==== Nurse cell ==== | ||
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| - | * Granulosa cell (in ovaries) | ||
| - | * Sertoli cell (in testis) | ||
| - | * Epithelial reticular cell (in thymus) | ||
| - | == Interstitial cells == | ||
| - | Interstitial kidney cells | ||